{"id":4808,"date":"2016-12-05T15:42:29","date_gmt":"2016-12-05T14:42:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/?p=4808"},"modified":"2016-12-05T15:42:29","modified_gmt":"2016-12-05T14:42:29","slug":"dzis-urodziny-marszalka-jozefa-pilsudskiego","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/sk\/wazne-daty\/dzis-urodziny-marszalka-jozefa-pilsudskiego\/","title":{"rendered":"Dnes m\u00e1 narodeniny mar\u0161al J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

J<\/span>-Jozef Pilsudski\u00a0<\/strong>sa narodil 5. decembra 1867 v \u017dulove pri Vilniuse. Poch\u00e1dzal z bohatej zemianskej rodiny, v ktorej sa pestovali po\u013esk\u00e9 trad\u00edcie a vlasteneck\u00fd duch. Jeho otec, tie\u017e Jozef, sa z\u00fa\u010dastnil janu\u00e1rov\u00e9ho povstania v roku 1863, ke\u010f sa Poliaci op\u00e4\u0165 pok\u00fa\u0161ali z\u00edska\u0165 nez\u00e1vislos\u0165, ktor\u00fa stratili v rokoch 1772 a\u017e 1795 po\u010das troch po sebe nasleduj\u00facich rusko-prusko-rak\u00faskych delen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Preto ke\u010f mlad\u00fd Pilsudski po absolvovan\u00ed gymn\u00e1zia vo Vilniuse v roku 1885 nast\u00fapil na lek\u00e1rsku fakultu Charkovskej univerzity, pridal sa tam k socialisticko-revolu\u010dn\u00e9mu hnutiu Narodnaja volja. Po roku \u0161t\u00fadia ho v\u0161ak z univerzity vyl\u00fa\u010dili za \u00fa\u010das\u0165 na \u0161tudentsk\u00fdch nepokojoch. Neprijali ho ani na univerzitu v Dorpate v Est\u00f3nsku, ktorej vedenie bolo informovan\u00e9 o jeho politick\u00fdch sympati\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Za svoju spolupr\u00e1cu s vilniusk\u00fdmi socialistami bol Pi\u0142sudski 22. marca 1887 zatknut\u00fd a poslan\u00fd na p\u00e4\u0165 rokov na Sib\u00edr, najprv do Kyrinska nad Lenou a potom do Tranky, na z\u00e1klade obvinenia z \u00fa\u010dasti na sprisahan\u00ed s cie\u013eom zvrhn\u00fa\u0165 c\u00e1ra Alexandra II.<\/p>\n

V roku 1893 bola vo Var\u0161ave zalo\u017een\u00e1 Po\u013esk\u00e1 socialistick\u00e1 strana (PPS). Pi\u0142sudski, ktor\u00fd sa rok predt\u00fdm vr\u00e1til z exilu, vst\u00fapil do jej litovskej pobo\u010dky a v roku 1894 sa stal \u010dlenom \u00dastredn\u00e9ho robotn\u00edckeho v\u00fdboru a \u0161\u00e9fredaktorom \u010dasopisu Robotnik vyd\u00e1van\u00e9ho PPS. O \u0161es\u0165 rokov nesk\u00f4r ho ako jedn\u00e9ho z ved\u00facich predstavite\u013eov strany op\u00e4\u0165 zatkli rusk\u00e9 \u00farady a uv\u00e4znili vo var\u0161avskej citadele. Hne\u010f v nasleduj\u00facom roku ho v\u0161ak previezli do nemocnice v Petrohrade (vo v\u00e4zen\u00ed toti\u017e simuloval nepr\u00ed\u010detnos\u0165) a odtia\u013e s pomocou jedn\u00e9ho z lek\u00e1rov, W\u0142adys\u0142awa Mazurkiewicza, utiekol.<\/p>\n

Po n\u00e1vrate do Hali\u010de sa nevzdal svojich politick\u00fdch aktiv\u00edt. V roku 1904 odi\u0161iel do Japonska, ktor\u00e9 bolo vo vojne s Ruskom, kde vyjedn\u00e1val s vl\u00e1dou Mikado o zriaden\u00ed po\u013eskej l\u00e9gie v r\u00e1mci japonskej arm\u00e1dy. Z\u00edskal v\u0161ak len pomoc pri n\u00e1kupe zbran\u00ed a mun\u00edcie pre PPS a Bojov\u00fa organiz\u00e1ciu PPS, ktor\u00e1 bola zriaden\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci strany. T\u00e1to organiz\u00e1cia sa stala jednou z hlavn\u00fdch s\u00edl revol\u00facie v rokoch 1905-1907. Napriek potla\u010deniu viacer\u00fdch nepokojov, vzb\u00far a zr\u00e1\u017eok s pol\u00edciou Pi\u0142sudski pokra\u010doval v \u00fasil\u00ed o vytvorenie po\u013eskej ozbrojenej sily. Ke\u010f v roku 1906 do\u0161lo k rozkolu v PPS, skupina spojen\u00e1 s Pi\u0142sudsk\u00fdm zalo\u017eila Revolu\u010dn\u00fa frakciu PPS, ktor\u00e1 pl\u00e1novala povstanie proti c\u00e1rovi.<\/p>\n

V roku 1910 boli v rak\u00faskom z\u00e1bore zalo\u017een\u00e9 dve leg\u00e1lne organiz\u00e1cie - \"Streleck\u00fd spolok\" vo \u013dvove a \"Streleck\u00fd spolok\" v Krakove, ktor\u00e9 viedli vojensk\u00fd v\u00fdcvik a teoretick\u00e9 predn\u00e1\u0161ky. V roku 1912 sa Pi\u0142sudski stal hlavn\u00fdm velite\u013eom Streleck\u00e9ho zv\u00e4zu. Po vypuknut\u00ed prvej svetovej vojny sa postavil na \u010delo dobre vycvi\u010denej jednotky, s ktorou vst\u00fapil do Po\u013esk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013eovstva, kde obsadil p\u00e1s pohrani\u010dn\u00e9ho \u00fazemia opusten\u00e9ho Rusmi. N\u00e1sledne, po podriaden\u00ed sa Rak\u00fasku, ofici\u00e1lne vytvoril po\u013esk\u00e9 l\u00e9gie a osobne velil ich prvej brig\u00e1de, pri\u010dom v \u00fazkej kon\u0161pir\u00e1cii zalo\u017eil Po\u013esk\u00fa vojensk\u00fa organiz\u00e1ciu (POW). Ke\u010f v roku 1917 legion\u00e1ri odmietli zlo\u017ei\u0165 pr\u00edsahu vernosti Rak\u00fasku a Nemecku, Pi\u0142sudski - hoci sa rok predt\u00fdm vzdal velenia a stal sa \u010dlenom Do\u010dasnej \u0161t\u00e1tnej rady, ktor\u00e1 po\u017eadovala vytvorenie n\u00e1rodnej vl\u00e1dy vo Var\u0161ave - bol zatknut\u00fd a uv\u00e4znen\u00fd v Magdeburgu, kde zostal a\u017e do novembra 1918.<\/p>\n

Po por\u00e1\u017eke Nemecka bol Pi\u0142sudski prepusten\u00fd z v\u00e4zenia a odi\u0161iel do Var\u0161avy, kde dostal velenie po\u013eskej arm\u00e1dy a \u00falohu vytvori\u0165 v oslobodenom \u0161t\u00e1te n\u00e1rodn\u00fa vl\u00e1du. D\u0148a 14. novembra 1918 z\u00edskal do\u010dasn\u00fa zvrchovanos\u0165 nad krajinou a 22. novembra bol ofici\u00e1lne vymenovan\u00fd za do\u010dasn\u00e9ho \u0161\u00e9fa \u0161t\u00e1tu. T\u00fato funkciu zast\u00e1val a\u017e do 9. decembra 1922, ke\u010f bol zvolen\u00fd prv\u00fd prezident Po\u013eskej republiky Gabriel Narutowicz. Samotn\u00fd Pi\u0142sudski sa s\u00fastredil na obranu znovuz\u00edskanej nez\u00e1vislosti Po\u013eska. V rokoch 1919 a\u017e 1921 viedol na v\u00fdchode boje proti bo\u013e\u0161evikom, ktor\u00e9 sa skon\u010dili R\u00ed\u017eskym mierom, na z\u00e1klade ktor\u00e9ho Po\u013esko z\u00edskalo sp\u00e4\u0165 v\u00fdchodn\u00fa Hali\u010d. Pr\u00e1ve po\u010das tejto kampane v marci 1920 arm\u00e1da pon\u00fakla Pi\u0142sudsk\u00e9mu \u0161tafetu prv\u00e9ho mar\u0161ala Po\u013eska.<\/div>\n

V roku 1923 sa v\u0161ak mar\u0161al stiahol z akt\u00edvneho politick\u00e9ho \u017eivota. D\u00f4vodom bol atent\u00e1t pravicov\u00fdch skup\u00edn na po\u013esk\u00e9ho prezidenta Gabriela Narutowicza, ktor\u00e9ho len t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148 po jeho zvolen\u00ed zabil maliar Eligiusz Niewiadomski na otvoren\u00ed v\u00fdstavy v gal\u00e9rii Zach\u0119ta. Pi\u0142sudski pova\u017eoval za nemo\u017en\u00e9 spolupracova\u0165 s premi\u00e9rom Wincentym Witosom, ktor\u00e9ho pova\u017eoval za mor\u00e1lne zodpovedn\u00e9ho za sp\u00e1chan\u00fd \u010din. Utiahol sa do Sulej\u00f3wku pri Var\u0161ave, kde sa venoval liter\u00e1rnej pr\u00e1ci a opozi\u010dnej propagande. V tom \u010dase boli nap\u00edsan\u00e9 nasleduj\u00face texty: \"Spomienky na Gabrijela Narutowicza<\/em>” (1923), „O hodnote vojaka l\u00e9gi\u00ed<\/em>” (1923), „1920<\/em>” (1924), „Z\u00e1kladom bezmocnosti vl\u00e1dy je<\/em>\" (1924) i \"Moje prv\u00e9 bitky<\/em>” (1925).<\/p>\n

Situ\u00e1cia v krajine ho v\u0161ak prin\u00fatila vr\u00e1ti\u0165 sa na politick\u00fa sc\u00e9nu. Soci\u00e1lne nepokoje, rast\u00faci po\u010det nezamestnan\u00fdch a hospod\u00e1rska kr\u00edza sp\u00f4sobili, \u017ee Pi\u0142sudski, ktor\u00fd sa te\u0161il ve\u013ekej podpore a \u00facte verejnosti, po\u017eadoval, aby bol kabinet Witosa zbaven\u00fd moci. Ke\u010f v\u0161ak jeho v\u00fdzvy neboli \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9, mar\u0161al 12. m\u00e1ja 1926 na \u010dele jemu vern\u00fdch jednotiek vpochodoval do Var\u0161avy a po trojd\u0148ov\u00fdch bojoch prin\u00fatil vl\u00e1du aj kabinet prezidenta Stanis\u0142awa Wojciechowsk\u00e9ho odst\u00fapi\u0165. Nomin\u00e1ciu na tento \u00farad v\u0161ak neprijal - vedom\u00fd si jeho obmedzen\u00fdch kompetenci\u00ed ho odmietol prija\u0165 a namiesto toho sa ujal funkcie ministra vojensk\u00fdch z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed, predsedu Vojenskej rady a gener\u00e1lneho in\u0161pektora ozbrojen\u00fdch s\u00edl. Dvakr\u00e1t zast\u00e1val aj funkciu predsedu vl\u00e1dy - v rokoch 1926-1928 a 1930).<\/p>\n

V skuto\u010dnosti to znamenalo koniec parlamentnej vl\u00e1dy v Po\u013esku a za\u010diatok obdobia zn\u00e1meho ako \"sanacja\" (z latinsk\u00e9ho podstatn\u00e9ho mena \"sanatio\" - lie\u010denie) - vl\u00e1dy, ktorej cie\u013eom bolo zlep\u0161i\u0165 situ\u00e1ciu v \u0161t\u00e1te. Podpora verejnosti a \u0161ikovn\u00e1 r\u00e9torika, ktor\u00e1 ju zabezpe\u010dovala, umo\u017e\u0148ovala Pi\u0142sudsk\u00e9mu vykon\u00e1va\u0165 autorit\u00e1rsku moc bez odporu prezidenta (mimochodom, menovan\u00e9ho mar\u0161alom) alebo Sejmu, ktor\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vomoci boli obmedzen\u00e9 zmenami \u00fastavy zaveden\u00fdmi 2. augusta 1926.<\/p>\n

V zahrani\u010dnej politike sa Pi\u0142sudski sna\u017eil udr\u017eiava\u0165 dobr\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy so ZSSR (pakt o ne\u00fato\u010den\u00ed z roku 1932) a Nemeckom (1934). Cie\u013eom oboch doh\u00f4d bolo posilni\u0165 poz\u00edciu Po\u013eska vo\u010di na\u0161im spojencom a susedom.<\/p>\n

Smr\u0165 Jozefa Pi\u0142sudsk\u00e9ho 12. m\u00e1ja 1935 zasko\u010dila cel\u00fd n\u00e1rod. Takmer do poslednej chv\u00edle skr\u00fdval nevylie\u010dite\u013en\u00fa chorobu - rakovinu pe\u010dene. Jeho pohreb sa stal obrovskou celon\u00e1rodnou manifest\u00e1ciou na po\u010des\u0165 zosnul\u00e9ho mar\u0161ala. Jeho telo bolo pochovan\u00e9 v krypte sv\u00e4t\u00e9ho Leonarda vo wawelskej katedr\u00e1le, ved\u013ea gener\u00e1ci\u00ed kr\u00e1\u013eov a najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch Poliakov, zatia\u013e \u010do jeho srdce bolo v s\u00falade s jeho v\u00f4\u013eou ulo\u017een\u00e9 do striebornej urny a prevezen\u00e9 do Vilniusu, kde bolo ulo\u017een\u00e9 do hrobu jeho matky na cintor\u00edne Rossa.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

viac: http:\/\/jpilsudski.org\/artykuly-historyczne-pilsudski\/zyciorys-jozefa-pilsudskiego<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski\u00a0urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 5 grudnia 1867 roku w Zu\u0142owie pod Wilnem. Pochodzi\u0142 z zamo\u017cnej rodziny ziemia\u0144skiej, w kt\u00f3rej piel\u0119gnowano polskie tradycje i patriotycznego ducha. Jego ojciec, r\u00f3wnie\u017c J\u00f3zef, bra\u0142 udzia\u0142 w Powstaniu Styczniowym w 1863 roku, kiedy to Polacy pr\u00f3bowali po raz kolejny odzyska\u0107 stracon\u0105 w latach 1772 – 1795 podczas trzech kolejnych rozbior\u00f3w rosyjsko-prusko-austriackich […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":4809,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[77],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4808","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-wazne-daty"],"yoast_head":"\nDzi\u015b urodziny Marsza\u0142ka J\u00f3zefa Pi\u0142sudskiego – Marek Kuchci\u0144ski<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/sk\/wazne-daty\/dzis-urodziny-marszalka-jozefa-pilsudskiego\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dzi\u015b urodziny Marsza\u0142ka J\u00f3zefa Pi\u0142sudskiego – Marek Kuchci\u0144ski\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski\u00a0urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 5 grudnia 1867 roku w Zu\u0142owie pod Wilnem. Pochodzi\u0142 z zamo\u017cnej rodziny ziemia\u0144skiej, w kt\u00f3rej piel\u0119gnowano polskie tradycje i patriotycznego ducha. Jego ojciec, r\u00f3wnie\u017c J\u00f3zef, bra\u0142 udzia\u0142 w Powstaniu Styczniowym w 1863 roku, kiedy to Polacy pr\u00f3bowali po raz kolejny odzyska\u0107 stracon\u0105 w latach 1772 – 1795 podczas trzech kolejnych rozbior\u00f3w rosyjsko-prusko-austriackich […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/sk\/wazne-daty\/dzis-urodziny-marszalka-jozefa-pilsudskiego\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Marek Kuchci\u0144ski\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-12-05T14:42:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/pilsudski-spojnia-gimnazjum.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"247\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta 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