{"id":19144,"date":"2020-04-15T15:05:55","date_gmt":"2020-04-15T13:05:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marek2.rkartist.pl\/?p=19144"},"modified":"2020-07-06T15:17:01","modified_gmt":"2020-07-06T13:17:01","slug":"glos-w-dyskusji-prof-jana-majchrowskiego","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/sk\/europa-karpat\/europa-karpat-dyskusja\/glos-w-dyskusji-prof-jana-majchrowskiego\/","title":{"rendered":"Prof. Jan Majchrowski: \u010co je to \u0161t\u00e1t? \u00davahy v \u010dase pand\u00e9mie"},"content":{"rendered":"

O \u0161t\u00e1te, jeho \u00falohe a fungovan\u00ed v \u010dase kr\u00edzy. T\u00e1to situ\u00e1cia sa t\u00fdka aj kraj\u00edn karpatskej Eur\u00f3py<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dovo\u013ete mi, aby som - v z\u00e1ujme zamyslenia - nap\u00edsal nieko\u013eko slov o t\u00e9me, ktorej sa profesion\u00e1lne venujem u\u017e takmer tridsa\u0165 rokov - o \u0161t\u00e1te. Ak\u00fd sa zd\u00e1 by\u0165 \u0161t\u00e1t z poh\u013eadu s\u00fa\u010dasnej pand\u00e9mie?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pod\u013ea n\u00e1zoru e\u0161te z 19. storo\u010dia je \u0161t\u00e1t predov\u0161etk\u00fdm typom organiz\u00e1cie. To je ur\u010dite pravda. Je tie\u017e pravda, \u017ee najm\u00e4 v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti poci\u0165ujeme jeho nevyhnutnos\u0165, jeho potrebu; \u017ee nepochybne vn\u00edmame, \u017ee organiz\u00e1cia a poriadok, ktor\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1t prin\u00e1\u0161a, s\u00fa lep\u0161ie ako chaos, ako anarchia, ktor\u00e1, ak by dnes zavl\u00e1dla, by n\u00e1s mohla nevyhnutne ods\u00fadi\u0165 na z\u00e1nik. To si pravdepodobne mysl\u00ed drviv\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina ob\u010danov, preto\u017ee sa v absol\u00fatnej v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine podria\u010fuj\u00fa nepohodln\u00fdm obmedzeniam, z\u00e1kazom a za\u0165a\u017euj\u00facim predpisom, a to nielen preto, \u017ee za ich nedodr\u017eanie hrozia sankcie. Ak by \u013eudia hromadne ignorovali pr\u00edkazy \u00faradov a tieto nariadenia, \u017eiadna policajn\u00e1 zlo\u017eka by ich nedok\u00e1zala zastavi\u0165, chyti\u0165 a potresta\u0165. \u013dudia v\u0161ak ch\u00e1pu, \u017ee tak\u00e1to neposlu\u0161nos\u0165 m\u00e1 katastrof\u00e1lne n\u00e1sledky pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch. Pr\u00edklad kraj\u00edn, ktor\u00fdch ob\u010dania sa (najm\u00e4 na za\u010diatku) o tak\u00e9to nariadenia pr\u00edli\u0161 nestarali, dokazuje, \u017ee postoj \"rob si, \u010do chce\u0161\" vedie k sebade\u0161trukcii, ku katastrofe, ktor\u00fa potom mo\u017eno mera\u0165 tis\u00edckami \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00fdch v\u00edrus zabil; \u010dasto zn\u00e1mych, priate\u013eov, najbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch rodinn\u00fdch pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edkov...<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A tu by som sa chcel dotkn\u00fa\u0165 ot\u00e1zky slobody ob\u010danov, ktor\u00e1 je v ka\u017edej krajine ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1. V s\u00fa\u010dasnej nebezpe\u010dnej situ\u00e1cii m\u00f4\u017eeme po\u010du\u0165 a \u010d\u00edta\u0165 (dokonca aj na prv\u00fdch stran\u00e1ch niektor\u00fdch nov\u00edn), \u017ee v Po\u013esku nastal \u010das \"sanit\u00e1rneho fa\u0161izmu\", poru\u0161ovania a obmedzovania pr\u00e1v ob\u010danov at\u010f. Na na\u0161u krajinu bol tie\u017e vyv\u00edjan\u00fd tlak, aby uzavrela svoje hranice (k\u00fdm t\u00ed, ktor\u00ed to kritizovali, neurobili to ist\u00e9 doma). Medzit\u00fdm ml\u00e1de\u017e (a nielen t\u00e1) v \"pokrokovej\u0161\u00edch\" spolo\u010dnostiach z\u00e1padnej a severnej Eur\u00f3py reagovala na spr\u00e1vu o v\u00fdzve \u0161t\u00e1tnych org\u00e1nov spr\u00e1va\u0165 sa ur\u010dit\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom, vyh\u00fdba\u0165 sa zhroma\u017edeniam a spolo\u010densk\u00fdm podujatiam, v\u00fdsmechom v podobe \"koronav\u00edrusovej p\u00e1rty\" s mno\u017estvom pobaven\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov. Na v\u00fdsledky sme nemuseli dlho \u010daka\u0165... Takto to dopadne, ke\u010f sa sloboda stoto\u017e\u0148uje len s vlastn\u00fdm pr\u00e1vom, ke\u010f je len \"moja\" a ke\u010f sa v\u00f4bec nevz\u0165ahuje na in\u00fdch. Je to individualizmus, ktor\u00fd vid\u00ed len s\u00e1m seba: existuje len ja a moje pr\u00e1vo robi\u0165 si, \u010do chcem. A nikto nem\u00e1 ni\u010d spolo\u010dn\u00e9 s t\u00fdm, \u010do rob\u00edm. Je to m\u00f4j \u017eivot, moja z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165, moja vo\u013eba. Ako \u010dasto n\u00e1m bol prezentovan\u00fd rovnak\u00fd typ myslenia (alebo bezmy\u0161lienkovitosti). Heslo: \"Rob si, \u010do chce\u0161\" sa stalo symbolom tohto \"liber\u00e1lneho\" sp\u00f4sobu existencie.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Druh\u00fdm extr\u00e9mom v\u00f4bec nie je otroctvo, totalita, etatizmus, autorit\u00e1rstvo, fa\u0161izmus at\u010f. Na druhej strane je sloboda, ale in\u00fd druh slobody - m\u00fadrej\u0161ia, zodpovednej\u0161ia sloboda. Je to republik\u00e1nska sloboda, ktor\u00e1 chce realizova\u0165 pr\u00e1va jednotlivca, ale nezab\u00fada, \u017ee nie je s\u00e1m, \u017ee \u017eije v spolo\u010denstve a \u017ee je zodpovedn\u00fd za seba a (pod\u013ea svojich mo\u017enost\u00ed) aj za spolo\u010denstvo. Je to sloboda, ktor\u00e1 ch\u00e1pe, \u017ee nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 robi\u0165 si, \u010do sa \u010dloveku zachce, preto\u017ee to u\u017e nie je sloboda, ale svojv\u00f4\u013ea a niekedy dokonca bezoh\u013eadnos\u0165. Obmedzenie slobody je zap\u00edsan\u00e9 v jej samotnom zmysle. Neexistuje sloboda bez zodpovednosti a sloboda bez obmedzen\u00ed, rovnako ako neexistuje vo\u013en\u00fd pohyb bez gravita\u010dn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona, ktor\u00fd tento pohyb brzd\u00ed a z\u00e1rove\u0148 umo\u017e\u0148uje. Bez obmedzen\u00ed vypl\u00fdvaj\u00facich z moci, ktor\u00fa si nad sebou stanovili slobodn\u00ed \u013eudia, by neboli slobodn\u00ed, preto\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd zlo\u010dinec by mohol terorizova\u0165 kohoko\u013evek. Preto obmedzenia, preto pr\u00e1vo, preto \u0161t\u00e1t a to, \u010do ho podstatne odli\u0161uje od in\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed - don\u00fatenie.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kto m\u00e1 pravdu? Dnes u\u017e nejde o teoretick\u00fd spor medzi liber\u00e1lmi a republik\u00e1nmi (nechajme bokom totalit\u00e1rov v\u0161etk\u00e9ho druhu, vr\u00e1tane v poslednom \u010dase sa mno\u017eiacich \"totalitn\u00fdch liber\u00e1lov\"). Dnes sa t\u00e1to ot\u00e1zka d\u00e1 vyrie\u0161i\u0165... empiricky! Uvid\u00edme, ktor\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti vyjd\u00fa z boja proti v\u00edrusu v\u00ed\u0165azne, ke\u010f sa uk\u00e1\u017ee, \u017ee tento boj nie je len ot\u00e1zkou pe\u0148az\u00ed a bohatstva, ale aj zodpovednosti za seba a za in\u00fdch, schopnosti obetova\u0165 sa pre spolo\u010denstvo a ochoty re\u0161pektova\u0165 odpor\u00fa\u010dania vlastnej demokraticky ustanovenej suver\u00e9nnej \u0161t\u00e1tnej moci, nez\u00e1vislej od in\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov a chr\u00e1niacej predov\u0161etk\u00fdm z\u00e1ujmy vlastn\u00fdch ob\u010danov. Toto je prv\u00fd bod na zamyslenie.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Existuje aj druh\u00fd. Vr\u00e1\u0165me sa e\u0161te raz ku klasickej defin\u00edcii \u0161t\u00e1tu. Organiz\u00e1cia? \u00c1no. Ale je to len jeden? Toto slovo tu bolo spomenut\u00e9 nieko\u013ekokr\u00e1t: \"komunita\". No, komunita. Najm\u00e4 v \u010dase traumatickej sk\u00fa\u0161ky, ke\u010f sa uk\u00e1\u017ee, \u017ee existuj\u00fa \u013eudia, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa ochotn\u00ed kona\u0165 pre in\u00fdch: v dobrovo\u013en\u00edckej pr\u00e1ci, zauj\u00edma\u0165 sa o osud osamelej starenky \u017eij\u00facej o dve poschodia vy\u0161\u0161ie, \u0161i\u0165 masky v r\u00e1mci kampane pomoci at\u010f. at\u010f. Vtedy komunita, ktor\u00e1 nehovor\u00ed: \"Na to je tu \u0161t\u00e1t, in\u0161tit\u00facie, \u00farady...\". \u013dudia sa potom c\u00edtia prepojen\u00ed s in\u00fdmi \u013eu\u010fmi a ani nevedia pre\u010do. Toto je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd rozmer komunity. Existuje v\u0161ak aj rozmer, ktor\u00fd zah\u0155\u0148a politick\u00fdch a ekonomick\u00fdch \u010dinite\u013eov, ktor\u00ed u\u017e rozhoduj\u00fa o osude tis\u00edcov \u013eud\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"Bu\u010fte pripraven\u00ed na to, \u017ee mnoh\u00ed z va\u0161ich bl\u00edzkych zomr\u00fa.\" Tieto slov\u00e1 by sa dali pova\u017eova\u0165 za ve\u013emi vzne\u0161en\u00e9 povzbudenie, keby ich (v tom \u010dase) nesprev\u00e1dzala politika pokra\u010dovania \"norm\u00e1lneho \u017eivota\". (dodajme: najm\u00e4 ekonomick\u00e9). Koniec koncov, Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo, lond\u00fdnska City, nemohlo by\u0165 touto kr\u00edzou ochudobnen\u00e9. Obchod mal pokra\u010dova\u0165. \u013dudia mali spotrebov\u00e1va\u0165 ako predt\u00fdm, in\u00ed produkova\u0165 a \u010fal\u0161\u00ed na tom v\u0161etkom zar\u00e1ba\u0165. \u017diaci by chodili do \u0161k\u00f4l, \u0161tudenti na univerzity at\u010f. Len niektor\u00ed (ale len star\u0161\u00ed, slab\u00ed, chor\u00ed) mohli zomrie\u0165. No, no: \"Pripravte sa...\". Z toho v\u0161etk\u00e9ho \"spolo\u010dnos\u0165\" (ale bola to \"komunita\"?) bolo vyjs\u0165 silnej\u0161\u00ed, zdrav\u0161\u00ed, odolnej\u0161\u00ed a pravdepodobne... mlad\u0161\u00ed. A ekonomicky siln\u00e1 - na pozad\u00ed na\u0161ich ub\u00fadaj\u00facich susedov, ktor\u00ed by mrhali energiou na z\u00e1chranu ka\u017edej starenky, ktor\u00e1 by u\u017e ni\u010d nevyr\u00e1bala a len ve\u013emi m\u00e1lo spotreb\u00favala. P\u00e1novi Johnsonovi dnes prajeme ve\u013ea zdravia... aj ke\u010f n\u00e1m nie je bl\u00edzky.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vo \u0160v\u00e9dsku (jednej zo soci\u00e1lne najliber\u00e1lnej\u0161\u00edch a \"najpokrokovej\u0161\u00edch\" kraj\u00edn E\u00da) sa st\u00e1le \u017eije takmer \"norm\u00e1lne\", \u0161koly s\u00fa otvoren\u00e9 a star\u00ed \u013eudia sa \"maj\u00fa o seba postara\u0165\". (T\u00ed, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa zavret\u00ed v domovoch d\u00f4chodcov, boli zavret\u00ed doslova). \u0160v\u00e9dska spolo\u010dnos\u0165 je jednou z najstar\u0161\u00edch v Eur\u00f3pe a m\u00e1 ve\u013emi dlh\u00fa priemern\u00fa d\u013a\u017eku \u017eivota. Je to d\u00f4vod na hrdos\u0165 a pre niektor\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed mo\u017eno aj na obavy... Je tu \u0161anca, \u017ee ak\u00e1si eugenika (za ktor\u00fa nikto nie je zodpovedn\u00fd, preto\u017ee ju sp\u00f4sobuje v\u00edrus, nie \u00farady) umo\u017en\u00ed zbavi\u0165 sa tohto ekonomicky zbyto\u010dn\u00e9ho spolo\u010densk\u00e9ho balastu, tak ako sa u\u017e dlh\u00e9 roky v niektor\u00fdch najbohat\u0161\u00edch krajin\u00e1ch Eur\u00f3py zbavuj\u00fa nechcen\u00fdch det\u00ed, najm\u00e4 chor\u00fdch - napr. s Downov\u00fdm syndr\u00f3mom. Tak ako sa niektor\u00e9 najbohat\u0161ie krajiny Eur\u00f3py u\u017e dlh\u00e9 roky zbavuj\u00fa nechcen\u00fdch det\u00ed, najm\u00e4 chor\u00fdch, napr. det\u00ed s diagn\u00f3zou Downov syndr\u00f3m (interrupcia), br\u00e1nia ment\u00e1lne postihnut\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom ma\u0165 potomstvo (steriliz\u00e1cia) a v\u0161eobecne umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa chor\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom, aby u\u017e viac neob\u0165a\u017eovali svojich pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdch a \u0161t\u00e1t (eutan\u00e1zia). Tak\u00e9to myslenie vych\u00e1dzalo z presved\u010denia, \u017ee \u0161t\u00e1t je firma, efekt\u00edvne funguj\u00faci podnik, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 prin\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 zisk majite\u013eom v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inov\u00e9ho podielu, a nie spolo\u010denstvo, rodina, spojen\u00e1 citov\u00fdmi v\u00e4zbami, kde treba pom\u00e1ha\u0165, ke\u010f je to potrebn\u00e9, a nep\u00fdta\u0165 sa, \u010do za to dostaneme.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M\u00e1me pred sebou dve tak\u00e9to v\u00edzie \u0161t\u00e1tu. T\u00ed, ktor\u00ed chc\u00fa v \u010dase pand\u00e9mie br\u00e1ni\u0165 v\u0161etk\u00fdch, preto\u017ee sa chc\u00fa riadi\u0165 zmyslom pre solidaritu, ktor\u00e1 tmel\u00ed spolo\u010denstvo, s\u00fa \u00faplne nepochopen\u00ed ostatn\u00fdmi, ktor\u00ed ich naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa - napr\u00edklad pred nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi d\u0148ami z p\u00f4dy Sejmu - \"idiotmi\". Koniec koncov, dne\u0161n\u00e1 kr\u00edza m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 vynikaj\u00facou pr\u00edle\u017eitos\u0165ou pre dobr\u00e9 podnikanie - sta\u010d\u00ed, aby sme nebrzdili ekonomiku - nechajte ju \u010falej r\u00e1s\u0165. Prehraj\u00fa t\u00ed najslab\u0161\u00ed...<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Aj tu si mo\u017eno polo\u017ei\u0165 ot\u00e1zku, ktor\u00e1 z t\u00fdchto v\u00edzi\u00ed prevl\u00e1dne a ktor\u00e1 sa z dlhodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska uk\u00e1\u017ee ako spr\u00e1vna. Mo\u017eno t\u00ed, ktor\u00ed chc\u00fa \"m\u00ed\u0148a\u0165\" svoj HDP na slab\u0161\u00edch, vyjd\u00fa z tejto kr\u00edzy ekonomicky slab\u0161\u00ed ako t\u00ed, ktor\u00ed nechali zomrie\u0165 tis\u00edce svojich menej vynaliezav\u00fdch a slab\u0161\u00edch ob\u010danov, ale \u0161pir\u00e1lu ponuky a dopytu nezastavia. Len\u017ee to bud\u00fa robi\u0165 ako spolo\u010dnos\u0165 s ve\u013emi obmedzenou zodpovednos\u0165ou, ktorej akcie je najlep\u0161ie preda\u0165 v najv\u00fdhodnej\u0161om okamihu, preto\u017ee tak\u00e1to spolo\u010dnos\u0165 m\u00e1 sama o sebe len tak\u00fa hodnotu, ak\u00fa za \u0148u niekto zaplat\u00ed. A ukazuje sa, \u017ee rodina, rodina a n\u00e1rodn\u00e9 spolo\u010denstvo, ktor\u00e9 tvor\u00ed \u0161t\u00e1t, nie s\u00fa na predaj...<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kto teda z dlhodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska pre\u017eije, a nielen koronav\u00edrus?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Prof. UW Dr. Jan Majchrowski<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ve\u013ek\u00e1 noc AD 2020<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

O \u0161t\u00e1te, jeho \u00falohe a fungovan\u00ed v \u010dase kr\u00edzy. T\u00e1to situ\u00e1cia sa t\u00fdka aj kraj\u00edn karpatskej Eur\u00f3py. Dovo\u013ete mi nap\u00edsa\u0165 - po \u00favahe - nieko\u013eko slov na t\u00e9mu, ktorou sa profesion\u00e1lne zaober\u00e1m u\u017e takmer tridsa\u0165 rokov - \u0161t\u00e1t. Ak\u00fd sa zd\u00e1 by\u0165 stav z poh\u013eadu pand\u00e9mie, ktor\u00e1 dnes prevl\u00e1da ? [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":19147,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[177,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19144","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-europa-karpat-dyskusja","category-wydarzenia"],"yoast_head":"\nProf. Jan Majchrowski: Czym jest pa\u0144stwo? Refleksje w czasie pandemii – Marek Kuchci\u0144ski<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/sk\/europa-karpat\/europa-karpat-dyskusja\/glos-w-dyskusji-prof-jana-majchrowskiego\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Prof. Jan Majchrowski: Czym jest pa\u0144stwo? Refleksje w czasie pandemii – Marek Kuchci\u0144ski\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"O pa\u0144stwie, jego roli i funkcjonowaniu w czasach kryzysu. 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