{"id":4808,"date":"2016-12-05T15:42:29","date_gmt":"2016-12-05T14:42:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/?p=4808"},"modified":"2016-12-05T15:42:29","modified_gmt":"2016-12-05T14:42:29","slug":"dzis-urodziny-marszalka-jozefa-pilsudskiego","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/ro\/wazne-daty\/dzis-urodziny-marszalka-jozefa-pilsudskiego\/","title":{"rendered":"Ast\u0103zi este ziua de na\u0219tere a mare\u0219alului J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

J<\/span>-Jozef Pi\u0142sudski\u00a0<\/strong>N\u0103scut la 5 decembrie 1867 la Zu\u0142\u00f3w, l\u00e2ng\u0103 Vilnius. Provenea dintr-o familie bogat\u0103 de proprietari de terenuri, \u00een care au fost cultivate tradi\u021biile poloneze \u0219i spiritul patriotic. Tat\u0103l s\u0103u, de asemenea J\u00f3zef, a participat la Revolta din ianuarie 1863, c\u00e2nd polonezii \u00eencercau s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i rec\u00e2\u0219tige independen\u021ba pierdut\u0103 \u00eentre 1772 \u0219i 1795, \u00een timpul celor trei parti\u021bii succesive ruso-prusaco-austriece.<\/p>\n

De aceea, t\u00e2n\u0103rul Pi\u0142sudski, dup\u0103 ce a terminat gimnaziul la Vilnius \u00een 1885, s-a \u00eenscris la studii de medicin\u0103 la Universitatea din Harkov, unde s-a al\u0103turat mi\u0219c\u0103rii socialiste-revolu\u021bionare Narodnaya Volya. Cu toate acestea, a fost exmatriculat de la universitate dup\u0103 un an de studiu pentru c\u0103 a participat la revoltele studen\u021be\u0219ti. De asemenea, nu a fost admis la Universitatea Dorpat din Estonia, ale c\u0103rei autorit\u0103\u021bi au fost informate despre simpatiile sale politice.<\/p>\n

Pi\u0142sudski a fost arestat la 22 martie 1887 pentru implicarea sa cu sociali\u0219tii din Vilnius \u0219i trimis \u00een Siberia pentru cinci ani sub acuza\u021bia de participare la o conspira\u021bie pentru r\u0103sturnarea \u021barului Alexandru al II-lea - mai \u00eent\u00e2i la Kiry\u0144sk, pe r\u00e2ul Lena, apoi la Tonka.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1893, la Var\u0219ovia a fost \u00eenfiin\u021bat Partidul Socialist Polonez (PPS). Pi\u0142sudski, care se \u00eentorsese din exil cu un an mai devreme, s-a al\u0103turat filialei lituaniene a PPS, iar \u00een 1894 a devenit membru al Comitetului Central al Muncitorilor \u0219i redactor-\u0219ef al revistei Robotnik . \u0218ase ani mai t\u00e2rziu, \u00een calitate de unul dintre liderii de frunte ai partidului, a fost din nou arestat de autorit\u0103\u021bile ruse \u0219i \u00eencarcerat \u00een Cetatea Var\u0219oviei. Cu toate acestea, chiar \u00een anul urm\u0103tor a fost transferat la spitalul din Sankt Petersburg (pentru c\u0103 \u00een \u00eenchisoare a simulat nebunie) \u0219i a evadat cu ajutorul unuia dintre medici, W\u0142adys\u0142aw Mazurkiewicz.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 ce s-a \u00eentors \u00een Gali\u021bia, nu a renun\u021bat la activitatea sa politic\u0103. \u00cen 1904, a plecat \u00een Japonia, care se afla \u00een r\u0103zboi cu Rusia, unde a negociat cu guvernul Mikado pentru a \u00eenfiin\u021ba o Legiune polonez\u0103 \u00een cadrul armatei japoneze. Cu toate acestea, el a ob\u021binut ajutor doar pentru achizi\u021bionarea de arme \u0219i muni\u021bii pentru PPS \u0219i pentru Organiza\u021bia de Lupt\u0103 a PPS format\u0103 de partid. Aceast\u0103 organiza\u021bie a devenit una dintre principalele for\u021be ale revolu\u021biei din 1905-1907. \u00cen ciuda reprim\u0103rii mai multor revolte, tulbur\u0103ri \u0219i ciocniri cu poli\u021bia, Pi\u0142sudski nu s-a oprit \u00een eforturile sale de a crea o for\u021b\u0103 armat\u0103 polonez\u0103. \u00cen 1906, c\u00e2nd a avut loc o scindare \u00een cadrul PPS, un grup asociat cu Pi\u0142sudski a fondat Fac\u021biunea Revolu\u021bionar\u0103 - pl\u0103nuind o revolt\u0103 \u00eempotriva \u021barului.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1910, \u00een cadrul \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birii austriece, au fost \u00eenfiin\u021bate dou\u0103 organiza\u021bii legale - \"Asocia\u021bia Pu\u0219ca\u0219ilor\" din Lw\u00f3w \u0219i \"Societatea Pu\u0219ca\u0219ilor\" din Cracovia, care au organizat cursuri de preg\u0103tire militar\u0103 \u0219i prelegeri teoretice. \u00cen 1912, Pi\u0142sudski a devenit comandant-\u0219ef al Asocia\u021biei Pu\u0219ca\u0219ilor. C\u00e2nd a izbucnit Primul R\u0103zboi Mondial, a condus o unitate bine antrenat\u0103 cu care a intrat \u00een Regatul Poloniei, unde a ocupat o f\u00e2\u0219ie de p\u0103m\u00e2nt de frontier\u0103 abandonat\u0103 de ru\u0219i. Ulterior, dup\u0103 ce a capitulat \u00een fa\u021ba Austriei, a creat oficial Legiunile poloneze \u0219i a comandat personal Prima Brigad\u0103 a acestora, \u00een timp ce, \u00een str\u00e2ns\u0103 colaborare, a \u00eenfiin\u021bat Organiza\u021bia Militar\u0103 Polonez\u0103 (POW). C\u00e2nd, \u00een 1917, Legiunile au refuzat s\u0103 depun\u0103 jur\u0103m\u00e2ntul de credin\u021b\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de Austria \u0219i Germania, Pi\u0142sudski a fost arestat \u0219i \u00eentemni\u021bat la Magdeburg, unde a r\u0103mas p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een noiembrie 1918.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea Germaniei, Pi\u0142sudski a fost eliberat din \u00eenchisoare \u0219i a plecat la Var\u0219ovia, unde a primit comanda armatei poloneze \u0219i misiunea de a forma un guvern na\u021bional \u00een \u021bara eliberat\u0103. La 14 noiembrie 1918, i s-a acordat suveranitatea temporar\u0103 asupra \u021b\u0103rii, iar la 22 noiembrie a fost numit oficial \u0219ef de stat interimar. A de\u021binut aceast\u0103 func\u021bie p\u00e2n\u0103 la 9 decembrie 1922, c\u00e2nd a fost ales primul pre\u0219edinte al Republicii Polone, Gabriel Narutowicz. Pi\u0142sudski \u00eensu\u0219i s-a concentrat pe ap\u0103rarea independen\u021bei redob\u00e2ndite a Poloniei. \u00centre 1919 \u0219i 1921, a luptat \u00een Est \u00eempotriva bol\u0219evicilor, lupt\u00e2nd p\u00e2n\u0103 la Pacea de la Riga, prin care Polonia a recuperat Gali\u021bia de Est. \u00cen timpul acestei campanii, \u00een martie 1920, armata i-a \u00eenm\u00e2nat lui Pi\u0142sudski bastonul de Prim Mare\u0219al al Poloniei.<\/div>\n

Cu toate acestea, \u00een 1923, mare\u0219alul s-a retras din via\u021ba politic\u0103 activ\u0103. Motivul a fost asasinarea de c\u0103tre partidele de dreapta a pre\u0219edintelui Republicii Polone, Gabriel Narutowicz, care a fost ucis la doar o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 dup\u0103 alegerea sa de c\u0103tre pictorul Eligiusz Niewiadomski \u00een timpul deschiderii unei expozi\u021bii la galeria \"Zach\u0119ta\". Lui Pi\u0142sudski i-a fost imposibil s\u0103 coopereze cu Wincenty Witos, prim-ministrul, pe care \u00eel considera responsabil moral pentru aceast\u0103 fapt\u0103. S-a retras la Sulej\u00f3wek, l\u00e2ng\u0103 Var\u0219ovia, unde s-a dedicat activit\u0103\u021bii literare \u0219i propagandei opozi\u021biei. \u00cen acel moment au fost scrise urm\u0103toarele: \"Amintirile lui Gabrjel Narutowicz<\/em>” (1923), „Despre valoarea unui soldat al legiunilor<\/em>” (1923), „1920<\/em>” (1924), „Sursa impoten\u021bei \u021b\u0103rii<\/em>\" (1924) i \"Primele mele geamanduri<\/em>” (1925).<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, situa\u021bia din \u021bar\u0103 l-a for\u021bat s\u0103 reintre \u00een arena politic\u0103. Nelini\u0219tea social\u0103, num\u0103rul tot mai mare de \u0219omeri \u0219i criza economic\u0103 l-au determinat pe Pi\u0142sudski, care se bucura de un sprijin \u0219i un respect imens din partea societ\u0103\u021bii, s\u0103 cear\u0103 ca cabinetul Witos s\u0103 renun\u021be la putere. Totu\u0219i, c\u00e2nd apelurile sale au e\u0219uat, la 12 mai 1926, \u00een fruntea trupelor sale loiale, mare\u0219alul a intrat \u00een Var\u0219ovia \u0219i, dup\u0103 trei zile de lupte, a for\u021bat at\u00e2t guvernul, c\u00e2t \u0219i cabinetul pre\u0219edintelui Stanis\u0142aw Wojciechowski s\u0103 demisioneze. Cu toate acestea, nu a acceptat nominalizarea pentru aceast\u0103 func\u021bie - con\u0219tient de competen\u021bele sale limitate, a refuzat s\u0103 o accepte \u0219i, \u00een schimb, a preluat func\u021biile de ministru al afacerilor militare, pre\u0219edinte al Consiliului de r\u0103zboi \u0219i inspector general al for\u021belor armate. A fost, de asemenea, prim-ministru de dou\u0103 ori (\u00een anii 1926-1928 \u0219i 1930).<\/p>\n

\u00cen realitate, acest lucru a marcat sf\u00e2r\u0219itul regimului parlamentar \u00een Polonia \u0219i a inaugurat perioada cunoscut\u0103 sub numele de \"sanacja\" (din latinescul \"sanatio\" - vindecare) - un guvern care urm\u0103rea s\u0103 \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021beasc\u0103 situa\u021bia statului. Sprijinul public \u0219i retorica inteligent\u0103 care l-a asigurat i-au permis lui Pi\u0142sudski s\u0103 exercite o putere autoritar\u0103, c\u0103reia nici pre\u0219edintele (numit oricum de mare\u0219al) \u0219i nici Sejm-ul (ale c\u0103rui puteri le-a limitat \u00een virtutea amendamentelor la Constitu\u021bie introduse la 2 august 1926) nu s-au putut opune.<\/p>\n

\u00cen politica extern\u0103, Pi\u0142sudski a c\u0103utat s\u0103 men\u021bin\u0103 rela\u021bii bune cu URSS (pactul de neagresiune din 1932) \u0219i cu Germania (1934). Ambele acorduri au avut ca scop consolidarea pozi\u021biei Poloniei fa\u021b\u0103 de alia\u021bii \u0219i vecinii no\u0219tri.<\/p>\n

Moartea lui J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski, la 12 mai 1935, a luat prin surprindere \u00eentreaga na\u021biune. P\u00e2n\u0103 aproape \u00een ultima clip\u0103, a ascuns o boal\u0103 incurabil\u0103 - cancer la ficat. \u00cenmorm\u00e2ntarea sa a devenit o uria\u0219\u0103 manifestare na\u021bional\u0103 de omagiere a mare\u0219alului decedat. Trupul s\u0103u a fost \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntat \u00een cripta Sf\u00e2ntului Leonard din Catedrala Wawel, al\u0103turi de genera\u021bii de regi \u0219i de cei mai eminen\u021bi polonezi, \u00een timp ce inima sa, conform testamentului s\u0103u, a fost a\u0219ezat\u0103 \u00eentr-o urn\u0103 de argint \u0219i transportat\u0103 la Vilnius, unde s-a odihnit \u00een morm\u00e2ntul mamei sale din cimitirul Rossa.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

mai mult: http:\/\/jpilsudski.org\/artykuly-historyczne-pilsudski\/zyciorys-jozefa-pilsudskiego<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski\u00a0urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 5 grudnia 1867 roku w Zu\u0142owie pod Wilnem. Pochodzi\u0142 z zamo\u017cnej rodziny ziemia\u0144skiej, w kt\u00f3rej piel\u0119gnowano polskie tradycje i patriotycznego ducha. Jego ojciec, r\u00f3wnie\u017c J\u00f3zef, bra\u0142 udzia\u0142 w Powstaniu Styczniowym w 1863 roku, kiedy to Polacy pr\u00f3bowali po raz kolejny odzyska\u0107 stracon\u0105 w latach 1772 – 1795 podczas trzech kolejnych rozbior\u00f3w rosyjsko-prusko-austriackich […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":4809,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[77],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4808","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-wazne-daty"],"yoast_head":"\nDzi\u015b urodziny Marsza\u0142ka J\u00f3zefa Pi\u0142sudskiego – Marek Kuchci\u0144ski<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/ro\/wazne-daty\/dzis-urodziny-marszalka-jozefa-pilsudskiego\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dzi\u015b urodziny Marsza\u0142ka J\u00f3zefa Pi\u0142sudskiego – Marek Kuchci\u0144ski\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski\u00a0urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 5 grudnia 1867 roku w Zu\u0142owie pod Wilnem. Pochodzi\u0142 z zamo\u017cnej rodziny ziemia\u0144skiej, w kt\u00f3rej piel\u0119gnowano polskie tradycje i patriotycznego ducha. Jego ojciec, r\u00f3wnie\u017c J\u00f3zef, bra\u0142 udzia\u0142 w Powstaniu Styczniowym w 1863 roku, kiedy to Polacy pr\u00f3bowali po raz kolejny odzyska\u0107 stracon\u0105 w latach 1772 – 1795 podczas trzech kolejnych rozbior\u00f3w rosyjsko-prusko-austriackich […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/ro\/wazne-daty\/dzis-urodziny-marszalka-jozefa-pilsudskiego\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Marek Kuchci\u0144ski\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-12-05T14:42:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/pilsudski-spojnia-gimnazjum.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"247\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta 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