{"id":19258,"date":"2020-06-03T21:50:00","date_gmt":"2020-06-03T19:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marek2.rkartist.pl\/?p=19258"},"modified":"2020-07-08T21:55:00","modified_gmt":"2020-07-08T19:55:00","slug":"15982-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/ro\/wydarzenia\/15982-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\"Cum s\u0103-\u021bi tai adversarul\" - Alegeri '89"},"content":{"rendered":"
Anul 1989 a fost marcat mai ales de alegerile din iunie. De\u0219i nu erau complet libere \u0219i chiar dac\u0103 au implicat multe compromisuri, ele au adus totu\u0219i o mare speran\u021b\u0103 \u0219i energie. \u00cen anticomunistul Przemy\u015bl, nu au existat probleme \u00een str\u00e2ngerea de semn\u0103turi pentru lista Solidarit\u0103\u021bii. \u00cen ciuda \u00eendoielilor cu privire la Acordul de la Masa Rotund\u0103, oamenii credeau c\u0103 vor veni vremuri noi \u0219i bune. Reticen\u021ba de p\u00e2n\u0103 atunci de a vota la alegerile fraudate pentru parlamentul comunist a fost \u00eenlocuit\u0103 de entuziasmul c\u0103, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, oameni noi vor face parte din parlament. Candida\u021bii din partea Solidarit\u0103\u021bii aveau un program despre care se vorbea acas\u0103, la serviciu \u0219i pe strad\u0103. Pe lista purt\u0103toare de suflu de libertate se aflau oameni care au dat speran\u021ba c\u0103 statul polonez, p\u00e2n\u0103 acum subordonat URSS, \u00ee\u0219i va rec\u0103p\u0103ta libertatea mult a\u0219teptat\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Marek Kami\u0144ski, pre\u0219edintele Comisiei executive regionale NSZZ Solidarno\u015b\u0107 din Przemy\u015bl, a fost obligat de c\u0103tre Comisia executiv\u0103 na\u021bional\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eenfiin\u021beze un Comitet al cet\u0103\u021benilor Solidarno\u015b\u0107 pentru voievodatul Przemy\u015bl \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Solidaritatea fermierilor individuali din localitate. \u00cempreun\u0103 cu \u0219eful Solidarit\u0103\u021bii Agricole, Jan Karus, a invitat 15 persoane, printre care Marek Kuchci\u0144ski, s\u0103 i se al\u0103ture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cu toate acestea, oameni buni, programul nu este totul. Vechile autorit\u0103\u021bi s-au \u021binut tare. Avea control total asupra mass-media de stat, asupra \u00eentregului aparat de propagand\u0103. Pentru a ajunge la oameni, mesajul pro-independen\u021b\u0103 a trebuit s\u0103 fie dus direct \u00een strad\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
- \u00cen iunie 1989, Przemy\u015bl a fost probabil ora\u0219ul cel mai plin de bannere electorale ale opozi\u021biei \u0219i de afi\u0219e ale Solidarit\u0103\u021bii din \u00eentreaga Polonie - \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te Marek Kuchci\u0144ski. - \u00cenc\u0103 din primele zile ale campaniei, a existat un r\u0103zboi al afi\u0219elor \u00een ora\u0219e \u0219i sate - noi afi\u0219e \u0219i bannere ap\u0103reau \u00een locul celor distruse, de obicei noaptea, iar uneori biroul din Przemy\u015bl era asediat de grupuri de tineri distribuitori, adesea copii, care \u00eempachetau afi\u0219e \u0219i pliante \u00een rucsacuri. Una dintre bro\u0219uri, a\u0219a-numitul \"cum s\u0103-\u021bi tai adversarul\", a fost reprodus\u0103 \u00een 300.000 de exemplare \u00een propria noastr\u0103 tipografie clandestin\u0103. \u00centr-o astfel de atmosfer\u0103, adversarul, al c\u0103rui birou de coali\u021bie ar fi fost condus de un cenzor din Przemy\u015bl, nu numai c\u0103 nu avea nicio \u0219ans\u0103 de victorie, dar s-a \u0219i compromis \u00eencerc\u00e2nd s\u0103 conving\u0103 aleg\u0103torii cu festivaluri cu bere \u0219i c\u00e2rna\u021bi distribuite pentru o \"semn\u0103tur\u0103 de sus\u021binere\" \u0219i cu sloganuri inventate \u0219i vopsite \u00een \u0219abloane, cum ar fi \"coali\u021bia trebuie s\u0103 c\u00e2\u0219tige pentru ca Polonia s\u0103 nu piard\u0103\"\", \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te mare\u0219alul din Sejm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Casele din Przemysl, magazinele \u0219i chio\u0219curile Ruchu au disp\u0103rut literalmente sub afi\u0219e lipite. A fost o adev\u0103rat\u0103 b\u0103t\u0103lie. La sediul alegerilor, apa \u0219i f\u0103ina au fost amestecate pentru a \u00eenlocui adezivul adev\u0103rat. Zeci de persoane au ie\u0219it \u00een strad\u0103 \u0219i au \u00eencercat s\u0103 aga\u021be pliantele \u00een locurile cele mai vizibile. Nu a fost u\u0219or. Unii comercian\u021bi s-au temut de autorit\u0103\u021bi, au rupt ei \u00een\u0219i\u0219i afi\u0219ele \u0219i au chemat mili\u021bia. Patrule de securitate au ap\u0103rut \u00een ora\u0219 \u0219i au distrus afi\u0219ele. Din cele 4 mii de pancarte \u0219i bannere ale Solidarit\u0103\u021bii, au smuls aproximativ 3 mii! De asemenea, au fost smulse steaguri de solidaritate, iar persoane care pretindeau c\u0103 sunt angaja\u021bi ai departamentului de comer\u021b al prim\u0103riei au for\u021bat administratorii \u0219i comercian\u021bii s\u0103 dea jos de pe vitrinele magazinelor afi\u0219e ale taberei pentru libertate. Anun\u021burile electorale ale Solidarit\u0103\u021bii au fost, de asemenea, distruse \u00een Jaros\u00b3aw, Przeworsk \u0219i Lubacz\u00f3w.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00cen campania electoral\u0103, Comitetul Cet\u0103\u021benilor s-a bazat pe educa\u021bia la fa\u021ba locului \u0219i pe deschiderea fa\u021b\u0103 de cet\u0103\u021beni. Au fost implicate intelectualitatea, oamenii de cultur\u0103 \u0219i Biserica. Solidaritatea a fost prezentat\u0103 ca o echip\u0103 armonioas\u0103 cu obiective comune. Pentru a evita diviziunile, au fost nominaliza\u021bi at\u00e2\u021bia candida\u021bi c\u00e2\u021bi locuri au existat. Pentru cet\u0103\u021benii obi\u0219nui\u021bi s\u0103 voteze pentru \"unicul \u0219i unicul candidat de dreapta\" din PZPR, KO a preg\u0103tit \u0219i manuale despre cum s\u0103 voteze. \u00cen buletinele electorale se f\u0103cea apel, printre altele, la cet\u0103\u021beni s\u0103 sus\u021bin\u0103 opozi\u021bia, pentru c\u0103 \"le sunte\u021bi datori, pentru c\u0103 sus\u021binerea lor \u00eenseamn\u0103 sf\u00e2r\u0219itul crimelor, al violurilor politice, al suferin\u021belor...\". .<\/p>\n\n\n\n
R\u0103zboiul afi\u0219elor a atins apogeul \u00een noaptea dinaintea alegerilor. Partea Solidarit\u0103\u021bii a fost hot\u0103r\u00e2t\u0103. Toat\u0103 noaptea, aproape p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zori, oamenii s-au furi\u0219at pe str\u0103zile l\u0103turalnice, pe sub ferestre \u0219i \u00een cur\u021bi, afi\u0219\u00e2nd \u00een secret anun\u021buri electorale. Ora\u0219e mari, precum Var\u0219ovia, au primit afi\u0219e celebre cu un \u0219erif care, \u00een loc de stea, are la rever o insign\u0103 a Solidarit\u0103\u021bii. Dar nu a ajuns la Przemy\u015bl. \u00cen schimb, au fost alte pliante \u0219i anun\u021buri, ag\u0103\u021bate pe unde au putut. De asemenea, au fost ag\u0103\u021bate acolo unde nu se putea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00cen diminea\u021ba zilei de duminic\u0103, 4 iunie 1989, au fost deschise sec\u021biile de votare. Prezen\u021ba la vot nu a fost foarte mare - peste 10 milioane de polonezi din cele 27 de milioane cu drept de vot nu au votat. A fost un rezultat al unei apatii progresive a societ\u0103\u021bii, care nu credea c\u0103 alegerile pot schimba ceva. Atmosfera a fost calm\u0103 \u00een \u00eentreaga \u021bar\u0103 \u0219i nu au avut loc revolte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Izolat\u0103 de urnele de vot, cu o jum\u0103tate de or\u0103 de emisie pe s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103, opozi\u021bia nu prea a crezut ce urma s\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2mple: din cele 161 de locuri disponibile \u00een Sejm la alegerile libere, a c\u00e2\u0219tigat 160 \u00een primul tur, iar candidatul r\u0103mas a trecut \u00een turul al doilea. Din cele 100 de locuri din Senat din primul tur, candida\u021bii Solidarit\u0103\u021bii au ocupat 92. \u00cen voievodatul Przemyskie, patru candida\u021bi au intrat \u00een parlament: Jan Musia\u0142 \u0219i Tadeusz Ulma pentru Senat, Tadeusz Trelka \u0219i Janusz Onyszkiewicz - pentru Sejm. \u00cen ciuda unui sprijin social at\u00e2t de mare, Solidaritatea a fost prea slab\u0103 pentru a \u021bine singur\u0103 fr\u00e2iele puterii. \u00cen ciuda at\u00e2tor eforturi depuse de-a lungul multor ani, oamenii din Solidaritatea nu au fost capabili s\u0103 suporte povara schimb\u0103rii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Marek Kami\u0144ski spune ast\u0103zi: Apreciez desf\u0103\u0219urarea f\u0103r\u0103 v\u0103rsare de s\u00e2nge a alegerilor, dar cu o asemenea for\u021b\u0103, avantaj \u0219i sprijin social, Solidaritatea ar fi trebuit s\u0103 pun\u0103 condi\u021bii. Am un mare regret \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu acest lucru. Solidaritatea era slab\u0103 \u0219i controlat\u0103 de comuni\u0219ti. De asemenea, nu am observat mi\u0219carea Wilczek din '85. \u0218i-au aliniat oamenii, au \u00eempins poli\u021bia secret\u0103 \u00een companii. \u00cen timpul \u00eent\u00e2lnirilor, inclusiv cu Walesa, pe care \u00eel tratam atunci ca pe singurul lider, nu mi-am imaginat niciodat\u0103 c\u0103 ace\u0219tia sunt oameni care vor face alian\u021be cu comuni\u0219tii. Mi-e ru\u0219ine c\u0103 am stat cu ei atunci. Ne doream independen\u021ba, Republica Popular\u0103 Polonez\u0103 nu era un stat polonez independent. Cum ar fi trebuit s\u0103 ne sim\u021bim c\u00e2nd l-am ales pe Jaruzelski ca pre\u0219edinte al Poloniei? - spune Kami\u0144ski.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jan Karu\u015b, \u0219eful Solidarno\u015b\u0107 Rolnicza (Solidaritatea fermierilor), vorbe\u0219te, de asemenea, despre evenimentele de dup\u0103 1989 pe un ton deprimant, referindu-se la disputele politice \u0219i la \u00eenfierea bunurilor na\u021bionale de c\u0103tre comuni\u0219ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Deputa\u021bii \u0219i senatorii ale\u0219i au fost, de asemenea, \u00een lips\u0103. \u00cen Spojrzenia Przemyskie (Priviri din Przemysl) din decembrie 1989, Marek Kuchci\u0144ski a scris despre nemul\u021bumirea \u0219i ner\u0103bdarea unei societ\u0103\u021bi ignorate de autorit\u0103\u021bi, despre lipsa de inteligen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i neputin\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cu toate acestea, nimeni nu regret\u0103 acest efort. Cei care au mers la urne pe 4 iunie au vrut pur \u0219i simplu s\u0103 r\u0103stoarne comunismul. Au reu\u0219it, dar schimb\u0103rile nu au venit u\u0219or, iar noi \u00eenc\u0103 mai culegem consecin\u021bele neglijen\u021bei din acea perioad\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- Dup\u0103 '89 am \u00eenceput s\u0103 ne asum\u0103m responsabilitatea pentru stat: la nivelul autoguvern\u0103rilor, al institu\u021biilor de stat \u0219i locale. Privind retrospectiv, putem spune c\u0103 am f\u0103cut tot ceea ce se putea face la acel moment. Ne a\u0219teptam la schimb\u0103ri \u00een puterea statului \u0219i am fost dezam\u0103gi\u021bi, dar acest lucru nu ne-a descurajat s\u0103 lucr\u0103m. Din perspectiva de ast\u0103zi, lucrurile arat\u0103 pu\u021bin diferit: un grup mic de oameni a f\u0103cut minuni, lupt\u00e2nd cu comunismul ca David cu Goliat - \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te Marek Kuchci\u0144ski.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Marta Olejnik<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Anul 1989 a fost, \u00een primul r\u00e2nd, anul alegerilor din iunie. De\u0219i nu erau pe deplin libere \u0219i de\u0219i asociate cu multe compromisuri, ele au adus totu\u0219i o mare speran\u021b\u0103 \u0219i energie. \u00cen Przemy\u015bl, un ora\u0219 cu mentalitate anticomunist\u0103, nu au existat probleme \u00een str\u00e2ngerea de semn\u0103turi pentru lista Solidarit\u0103\u021bii. \u00cen ciuda \u00eendoielilor cu privire la aranjamentele de la Masa Rotund\u0103, oamenii credeau c\u0103 vor veni vremuri noi \u0219i bune. Reticen\u021ba anterioar\u0103 de a vota [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":15986,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,77,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19258","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-podkarpacie","category-wazne-daty","category-wydarzenia"],"yoast_head":"\n
"Jak skre\u015bli\u0107 przeciwnika" - wybory '89 – Marek Kuchci\u0144ski<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/ro\/wydarzenia\/15982-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\""Jak skre\u015bli\u0107 przeciwnika" - wybory '89 – Marek Kuchci\u0144ski\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Rok 1989 to przede wszystkim wybory czerwcowe. Cho\u0107 nie w pe\u0142ni wolne, cho\u0107 zwi\u0105zane z wieloma kompromisami, to jednak nios\u0105ce ogromn\u0105 nadziej\u0119 i energi\u0119. W nastawionym antykomunistycznie Przemy\u015blu nie by\u0142o problem\u00f3w ze zbiorem podpis\u00f3w pod solidarno\u015bciow\u0105 list\u0105. 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