{"id":19144,"date":"2020-04-15T15:05:55","date_gmt":"2020-04-15T13:05:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marek2.rkartist.pl\/?p=19144"},"modified":"2020-07-06T15:17:01","modified_gmt":"2020-07-06T13:17:01","slug":"glos-w-dyskusji-prof-jana-majchrowskiego","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/ro\/europa-karpat\/europa-karpat-dyskusja\/glos-w-dyskusji-prof-jana-majchrowskiego\/","title":{"rendered":"Prof. Jan Majchrowski: Ce este statul? Reflec\u021bii \u00een timp de pandemie"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cu privire la stat, rolul \u0219i func\u021bionarea sa \u00een perioade de criz\u0103. Aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie este valabil\u0103 \u0219i pentru \u021b\u0103rile din Europa Carpatic\u0103<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Permite\u021bi-mi s\u0103 scriu - de dragul reflec\u021biei - c\u00e2teva cuvinte despre un subiect \u00een care sunt implicat profesional de aproape treizeci de ani - statul. Care pare a fi statul, v\u0103zut din perspectiva pandemiei actuale?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Conform unei viziuni \u00eenc\u0103 din secolul al XIX-lea, statul este, \u00eenainte de toate, un tip de organiza\u021bie. Acest lucru este cu siguran\u021b\u0103 adev\u0103rat. Este adev\u0103rat, de asemenea, c\u0103, mai ales \u00een zilele noastre, experiment\u0103m indispensabilitatea \u0219i necesitatea sa; c\u0103 putem vedea, f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103, c\u0103 organizarea \u0219i ordinea aduse de stat sunt mai bune dec\u00e2t haosul, dec\u00e2t anarhia care, dac\u0103 ar fi prevalat ast\u0103zi, ne-ar fi putut condamna \u00een mod inevitabil. Probabil c\u0103 asta este ceea ce crede majoritatea cov\u00e2r\u0219itoare a cet\u0103\u021benilor, pentru c\u0103 se supun restric\u021biilor, interdic\u021biilor \u0219i reglement\u0103rilor incomode \u00een majoritatea lor absolut\u0103, \u0219i nu doar pentru c\u0103 exist\u0103 sanc\u021biuni pentru nerespectarea lor. Dac\u0103 oamenii ar ignora masiv aceste ordine ale autorit\u0103\u021bilor \u0219i aceste reglement\u0103ri, nicio poli\u021bie nu ar putea s\u0103-i opreasc\u0103, s\u0103-i prind\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103-i pedepseasc\u0103. Cu toate acestea, oamenii \u00een\u021beleg c\u0103 o astfel de insubordonare are consecin\u021be dezastruoase pentru toat\u0103 lumea. Exemplul \u021b\u0103rilor ai c\u0103ror cet\u0103\u021beni (mai ales la \u00eenceput) nu s-au preocupat prea mult de astfel de reglement\u0103ri dovede\u0219te c\u0103 atitudinea \"f\u0103 ce vrei\" duce la autodistrugere, la dezastru, care poate fi m\u0103surat apoi prin miile de oameni uci\u0219i de virus; adesea cuno\u0219tin\u021be, prieteni, membri ai familiei apropiate...<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0218i aici a\u0219 dori s\u0103 abordez problema libert\u0103\u021bii cet\u0103\u021benilor s\u0103i, care este foarte important\u0103 \u00een fiecare \u021bar\u0103. \u00cen actuala situa\u021bie periculoas\u0103, se poate auzi \u0219i citi (chiar \u0219i pe primele pagini ale unor ziare) c\u0103 \u00een Polonia a venit vremea \"fascismului sanitar\", a \u00eenc\u0103lc\u0103rii \u0219i restr\u00e2ngerii drepturilor cet\u0103\u021benilor etc. De asemenea, au existat presiuni asupra \u021b\u0103rii noastre pentru a-\u0219i \u00eenchide frontierele (p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd cei care au criticat acest lucru nu au f\u0103cut acela\u0219i lucru acas\u0103). \u00centre timp, tineretul (\u0219i nu numai tineretul) din societ\u0103\u021bile mai \"progresiste\" din Europa de Vest \u0219i de Nord a reac\u021bionat la \u0219tirea despre apelul autorit\u0103\u021bilor statului de a se comporta \u00eentr-un anumit fel, de a evita adun\u0103rile \u0219i evenimentele sociale, cu o batjocur\u0103 sub forma unei \"coronavirus-party\" cu numero\u0219i participan\u021bi amuza\u021bi. Nu a trebuit s\u0103 a\u0219tept\u0103m prea mult timp pentru rezultate... Iat\u0103 ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd libertatea este identificat\u0103 doar cu propriul drept, c\u00e2nd este doar \"a mea\" \u0219i c\u00e2nd nu se refer\u0103 deloc la ceilal\u021bi. Este un individualism care nu se vede dec\u00e2t pe sine \u00eensu\u0219i: exist doar eu \u0219i dreptul meu de a face ceea ce vreau. \u0218i nimeni nu are nimic de-a face cu ceea ce fac eu. Este via\u021ba mea, afacerea mea, alegerea mea. C\u00e2t de des ni s-a prezentat \u0219i nou\u0103 acest tip de g\u00e2ndire (sau de nep\u0103sare). Sloganul: \"F\u0103 ce vrei\" a devenit un simbol al acestui mod de existen\u021b\u0103 \"liberal\".<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 La cealalt\u0103 extrem\u0103 nu se afl\u0103 deloc sclavia, totalitarismul, etatismul, autoritarismul, fascismul etc. La cealalt\u0103 extrem\u0103 exist\u0103 libertate, dar un alt fel de libertate - o libertate mai \u00een\u021beleapt\u0103, mai responsabil\u0103. Este o libertate republican\u0103, care dore\u0219te s\u0103 realizeze drepturile individului, dar nu uit\u0103 c\u0103 acesta nu este singur, c\u0103 tr\u0103ie\u0219te \u00eentr-o comunitate \u0219i c\u0103 este responsabil at\u00e2t pentru el \u00eensu\u0219i, c\u00e2t \u0219i (\u00een m\u0103sura posibilit\u0103\u021bilor sale) pentru comunitate. Este o libertate care \u00een\u021belege c\u0103 nu este posibil s\u0103 faci tot ceea ce vrei, pentru c\u0103 asta nu mai este libertate, ci liber arbitru, \u0219i uneori chiar nes\u0103buin\u021b\u0103. Limitarea libert\u0103\u021bii este \u00eenscris\u0103 \u00een \u00eensu\u0219i sensul ei. Nu exist\u0103 libertate f\u0103r\u0103 responsabilitate \u0219i nu exist\u0103 libertate f\u0103r\u0103 limite, a\u0219a cum nu exist\u0103 mi\u0219care liber\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 legea gravita\u021biei, care \u00eempiedic\u0103 aceast\u0103 mi\u0219care \u0219i, \u00een acela\u0219i timp, o face posibil\u0103. F\u0103r\u0103 limit\u0103rile impuse de puterea stabilit\u0103 de oamenii liberi asupra lor \u00een\u0219i\u0219i, ace\u0219tia nu ar fi liberi, pentru c\u0103 orice huligan ar putea teroriza pe oricine. De aici limitele, de aici legea, de aici statul \u0219i ceea ce constituie distinc\u021bia sa esen\u021bial\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de alte organiza\u021bii - coerci\u021bia.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cine are dreptate? Ast\u0103zi, nu mai este vorba de o disput\u0103 teoretic\u0103 \u00eentre liberali \u0219i republicani (s\u0103 l\u0103s\u0103m deoparte totalitarii de toate felurile, inclusiv proliferarea recent\u0103 a \"liberalilor totalitari\"). Ast\u0103zi, aceasta este o \u00eentrebare care poate fi rezolvat\u0103... empiric! R\u0103m\u00e2ne de v\u0103zut ce societ\u0103\u021bi vor ie\u0219i victorioase din lupta \u00eempotriva virusului, atunci c\u00e2nd se va dovedi c\u0103 aceast\u0103 lupt\u0103 nu este doar o chestiune de bani \u0219i de bun\u0103stare, ci \u0219i de responsabilitate pentru sine \u0219i pentru ceilal\u021bi, de capacitate de sacrificiu pentru comunitate \u0219i de disponibilitate de a respecta recomand\u0103rile propriei autorit\u0103\u021bi statale suverane, stabilite \u00een mod democratic, independente de alte state \u0219i care protejeaz\u0103 \u00een primul r\u00e2nd interesele propriilor cet\u0103\u021beni. Acesta este primul punct de reflec\u021bie.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mai exist\u0103 \u0219i un al doilea. S\u0103 ne \u00eentoarcem \u00eenc\u0103 o dat\u0103 la defini\u021bia clasic\u0103 a statului. Organiza\u021bie? Da. Dar este doar unul singur? Cuv\u00e2ntul a fost men\u021bionat de mai multe ori aici: \"comunitate\". Ei bine, comunitatea. Mai ales \u00een momentul unei \u00eencerc\u0103ri traumatizante, c\u00e2nd se dovede\u0219te c\u0103 exist\u0103 oameni care sunt gata s\u0103 ac\u021bioneze pentru ceilal\u021bi: \u00een activit\u0103\u021bi de voluntariat, s\u0103 se intereseze de soarta unei b\u0103tr\u00e2ne singure care locuie\u0219te cu dou\u0103 etaje mai sus, s\u0103 coas\u0103 m\u0103\u0219ti \u00een cadrul unei campanii de ajutorare etc. etc. Aceasta este atunci c\u00e2nd o comunitate care nu spune: \"Pentru asta sunt statul, institu\u021biile, autorit\u0103\u021bile...\". Apoi, oamenii se simt conecta\u021bi cu al\u021bi oameni \u0219i nici m\u0103car nu \u0219tiu de ce. Aceasta este o dimensiune foarte important\u0103 a comunit\u0103\u021bii. Dar exist\u0103, de asemenea, o dimensiune care \u00eei include pe factorii de decizie politic\u0103 \u0219i economic\u0103 care decid deja soarta a mii de oameni.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"Preg\u0103ti\u021bi-v\u0103 c\u0103 mul\u021bi dintre cei dragi vou\u0103 vor muri\". Aceste cuvinte ar putea fi luate drept o \u00eencurajare foarte nesuferit\u0103, dac\u0103 nu ar fi fost \u00eenso\u021bite (la vremea respectiv\u0103) de o politic\u0103 de continuare a \"vie\u021bii normale\" (s\u0103 ad\u0103ug\u0103m: mai ales economice). La urma urmei, Regatul Unit, City of London, nu poate fi s\u0103r\u0103cit de aceast\u0103 criz\u0103. Afacerile urmau s\u0103 continue. Oamenii trebuiau s\u0103 consume, al\u021bii trebuiau s\u0103 produc\u0103, iar al\u021bii trebuiau s\u0103 fac\u0103 bani din toate acestea. Elevii ar merge la \u0219coli, studen\u021bii la universit\u0103\u021bi etc. Numai unii (dar numai cei b\u0103tr\u00e2ni, cei slabi, cei bolnavi) puteau muri. M\u0103i, m\u0103i: \"Preg\u0103ti\u021bi-v\u0103...\". Dintre toate acestea, \"societatea\" (dar era oare o \"comunitate\"?) a fost de a ie\u0219i mai puternic\u0103, mai s\u0103n\u0103toas\u0103, mai rezistent\u0103 \u0219i probabil... mai t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103. \u0218i puternic din punct de vedere economic - pe fondul unor vecini din ce \u00een ce mai pu\u021bini care \u0219i-ar irosi energiile pentru a salva fiecare b\u0103tr\u00e2n\u0103 care nu ar produce nimic \u0219i ar consuma foarte pu\u021bin. \u00cei ur\u0103m ast\u0103zi domnului Johnson mult\u0103 s\u0103n\u0103tate... chiar dac\u0103 nu este aproape de noi.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00cen Suedia (una dintre cele mai liberale \u0219i mai \"progresiste\" \u021b\u0103ri din UE din punct de vedere social), via\u021ba se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 aproape \"normal\", \u0219colile sunt deschise, iar b\u0103tr\u00e2nii \"trebuie s\u0103 aib\u0103 grij\u0103 de ei \u00een\u0219i\u0219i\". (Cei \u00eenchi\u0219i \u00een azilurile de b\u0103tr\u00e2ni au fost \u00eenchi\u0219i, la propriu). Societatea suedez\u0103 este una dintre cele mai vechi din Europa, cu o speran\u021b\u0103 de via\u021b\u0103 foarte mare. Este un motiv de m\u00e2ndrie \u0219i - poate pentru unii - de \u00eengrijorare... Exist\u0103 o \u0219ans\u0103 ca un fel de eugenie (pentru care nimeni nu este responsabil, pentru c\u0103 este un virus care o face, nu autorit\u0103\u021bile) s\u0103 permit\u0103 s\u0103 se scape de acest balast social inutil din punct de vedere economic, la fel cum de mul\u021bi ani \u00een unele dintre cele mai bogate \u021b\u0103ri din Europa se scap\u0103 de copiii nedori\u021bi, \u00een special de cei bolnavi - de exemplu, cei cu sindromul Down. La fel cum, de mul\u021bi ani, unele dintre cele mai bogate \u021b\u0103ri europene se debaraseaz\u0103 de copiii nedori\u021bi, \u00een special de cei bolnavi - de exemplu, cei diagnostica\u021bi cu sindromul Down (avort), \u00eempiedic\u00e2nd persoanele cu handicap mintal s\u0103 aib\u0103 copii (sterilizare) \u0219i, \u00een general, d\u00e2nd posibilitatea ca persoanele bolnave s\u0103 nu-\u0219i mai deranjeze rudele \u0219i statul (eutanasie). O astfel de g\u00e2ndire se baza pe convingerea c\u0103 statul este o companie, o afacere care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 eficient \u0219i care trebuie s\u0103 aduc\u0103 profit celor care de\u021bin pachetul majoritar de ac\u021biuni, \u0219i nu o comunitate, o familie, legat\u0103 prin leg\u0103turi afective, \u00een care trebuie s\u0103 aju\u021bi la nevoie, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eentrebi ce vei primi \u00een schimb.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ne confrunt\u0103m cu dou\u0103 astfel de viziuni ale statului. Cei care vor s\u0103 apere pe toat\u0103 lumea \u00een vremuri de pandemii, pentru c\u0103 vor s\u0103 fie ghida\u021bi de un sentiment de solidaritate care cimenteaz\u0103 comunitatea, sunt complet ne\u00een\u021bele\u0219i de al\u021bii, care \u00eei numesc - de exemplu, de la tribuna Sejm-ului de acum c\u00e2teva zile - \"idio\u021bi\". P\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103, criza de ast\u0103zi poate fi o oportunitate excelent\u0103 pentru o afacere bun\u0103 - tot ceea ce trebuie s\u0103 facem este s\u0103 nu fr\u00e2n\u0103m economia, ci s\u0103 o l\u0103s\u0103m s\u0103 continue s\u0103 creasc\u0103. Cei mai slabi vor fi cei care vor avea de pierdut...<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0218i aici se poate pune \u00eentrebarea care dintre aceste viziuni va prevala \u0219i care, pe termen lung, se va dovedi a fi cea corect\u0103. Poate c\u0103 cei care vor s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i \"risipeasc\u0103\" PIB-ul pe cei mai slabi vor ie\u0219i mai slabi din punct de vedere economic din aceast\u0103 criz\u0103 dec\u00e2t cei care au l\u0103sat s\u0103 moar\u0103 mii de cet\u0103\u021beni mai pu\u021bin descurc\u0103re\u021bi \u0219i mai slabi, dar nu vor opri spirala cererii \u0219i ofertei. Doar c\u0103 o vor face ca o societate cu r\u0103spundere foarte limitat\u0103, ale c\u0103rei ac\u021biuni se v\u00e2nd cel mai bine la momentul cel mai oportun, deoarece o astfel de societate \u00een sine valoreaz\u0103 doar at\u00e2t c\u00e2t pl\u0103te\u0219te cineva pentru ea. Iar familia, familia \u0219i comunitatea na\u021bional\u0103 care constituie statul - se dovede\u0219te a nu fi de v\u00e2nzare ...<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A\u0219adar, cine va supravie\u021bui, pe termen lung, \u0219i nu doar coronavirusul?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Prof. UW Dr. Jan Majchrowski<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pa\u0219tele AD 2020<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cu privire la stat, rolul \u0219i func\u021bionarea sa \u00een perioade de criz\u0103. Aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie este valabil\u0103 \u0219i pentru \u021b\u0103rile din Europa carpatic\u0103. Permite\u021bi-mi s\u0103 scriu - \u00een urma unei reflec\u021bii - c\u00e2teva cuvinte despre un subiect cu care m\u0103 ocup profesional de aproape treizeci de ani - statul. Care pare a fi starea de fapt, v\u0103zut\u0103 din perspectiva pandemiei care domne\u0219te ast\u0103zi ? [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":19147,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[177,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19144","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-europa-karpat-dyskusja","category-wydarzenia"],"yoast_head":"\nProf. Jan Majchrowski: Czym jest pa\u0144stwo? Refleksje w czasie pandemii – Marek Kuchci\u0144ski<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/ro\/europa-karpat\/europa-karpat-dyskusja\/glos-w-dyskusji-prof-jana-majchrowskiego\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Prof. Jan Majchrowski: Czym jest pa\u0144stwo? Refleksje w czasie pandemii – Marek Kuchci\u0144ski\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"O pa\u0144stwie, jego roli i funkcjonowaniu w czasach kryzysu. Ta sytuacja dotyczy tak\u017ce pa\u0144stw Europy Karpat. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Niech mi b\u0119dzie wolno napisa\u0107 \u2013 ku refleksji \u2013 s\u0142\u00f3w kilka na temat, kt\u00f3rym zawodowo zajmuj\u0119 si\u0119 od blisko trzydziestu ju\u017c lat \u2013 na temat pa\u0144stwa. Czym zdaje si\u0119 by\u0107 pa\u0144stwo\u00a0widziane z perspektywy panuj\u0105cej dzi\u015b pandemii ? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/ro\/europa-karpat\/europa-karpat-dyskusja\/glos-w-dyskusji-prof-jana-majchrowskiego\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Marek Kuchci\u0144ski\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-04-15T13:05:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-07-06T13:17:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/93554158_664429817641433_8765973408698597376_n.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2048\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1365\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Tomasz \u0141acina\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Scris de\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Tomasz \u0141acina\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Timp estimat pentru citire\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/cs\/europa-karpat\/europa-karpat-dyskusja\/glos-w-dyskusji-prof-jana-majchrowskiego\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/cs\/europa-karpat\/europa-karpat-dyskusja\/glos-w-dyskusji-prof-jana-majchrowskiego\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Tomasz \u0141acina\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/#\/schema\/person\/b8a29fe7813098f7be78801d029910a7\"},\"headline\":\"Prof. Jan Majchrowski: Czym jest pa\u0144stwo? 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