{"id":4808,"date":"2016-12-05T15:42:29","date_gmt":"2016-12-05T14:42:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/?p=4808"},"modified":"2016-12-05T15:42:29","modified_gmt":"2016-12-05T14:42:29","slug":"dzis-urodziny-marszalka-jozefa-pilsudskiego","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/hu\/wazne-daty\/dzis-urodziny-marszalka-jozefa-pilsudskiego\/","title":{"rendered":"Ma van J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski marsall sz\u00fclet\u00e9snapja"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

J<\/span>-Jozef Pi\u0142sudski\u00a0<\/strong>1867. december 5-\u00e9n sz\u00fcletett a Vilnius melletti Zu\u0142\u00f3wban. Gazdag f\u00f6ldbirtokos csal\u00e1db\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmazott, amelyben lengyel hagyom\u00e1nyokat \u00e9s hazafias szellemet \u00e1poltak. Apja, szint\u00e9n J\u00f3zef, r\u00e9szt vett az 1863-as janu\u00e1ri felkel\u00e9sben, amikor a lengyelek megpr\u00f3b\u00e1lt\u00e1k visszaszerezni az 1772 \u00e9s 1795 k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, h\u00e1rom egym\u00e1st k\u00f6vet\u0151 orosz-porosz-osztr\u00e1k feloszt\u00e1s sor\u00e1n elvesztett f\u00fcggetlens\u00e9g\u00fcket.<\/p>\n

Ez\u00e9rt a fiatal Pi\u0142sudski a vilniusi gimn\u00e1zium 1885-\u00f6s elv\u00e9gz\u00e9se ut\u00e1n orvosi tanulm\u00e1nyokra iratkozott be a Harkovi Egyetemen, ahol csatlakozott a szocialista-forradalmi Narodnaja Volja mozgalomhoz. Egy \u00e9v tanul\u00e1s ut\u00e1n azonban eltan\u00e1csolt\u00e1k az egyetemr\u0151l, mert r\u00e9szt vett a di\u00e1kl\u00e1zad\u00e1sokban. Nem vett\u00e9k fel az \u00e9sztorsz\u00e1gi Dorpat egyetem\u00e9re sem, amelynek hat\u00f3s\u00e1gait t\u00e1j\u00e9koztatt\u00e1k politikai szimp\u00e1ti\u00e1j\u00e1r\u00f3l.<\/p>\n

Pi\u0142sudskit 1887. m\u00e1rcius 22-\u00e9n letart\u00f3ztatt\u00e1k a vilniusi szocialist\u00e1kkal val\u00f3 kapcsolata miatt, \u00e9s a II. S\u00e1ndor c\u00e1r megd\u00f6nt\u00e9s\u00e9re ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 \u00f6sszeesk\u00fcv\u00e9sben val\u00f3 r\u00e9szv\u00e9tel v\u00e1dj\u00e1val \u00f6t \u00e9vre Szib\u00e9ri\u00e1ba k\u00fcldt\u00e9k - el\u0151sz\u00f6r a L\u00e9na foly\u00f3 menti Kiry\u0144skba, majd Tonk\u00e1ba.<\/p>\n

1893-ban Vars\u00f3ban megalakult a Lengyel Szocialista P\u00e1rt (PPS). Pi\u0142sudski, aki egy \u00e9vvel kor\u00e1bban t\u00e9rt vissza a sz\u00e1m\u0171zet\u00e9sb\u0151l, csatlakozott a litv\u00e1n tagozathoz, \u00e9s 1894-ben a K\u00f6zponti Munk\u00e1sbizotts\u00e1g tagja \u00e9s a PPS Robotnik c\u00edm\u0171 foly\u00f3irat\u00e1nak f\u0151szerkeszt\u0151je lett. Hat \u00e9vvel k\u00e9s\u0151bb, a p\u00e1rt egyik vezet\u0151 vezet\u0151jek\u00e9nt az orosz hat\u00f3s\u00e1gok ism\u00e9t letart\u00f3ztatt\u00e1k, \u00e9s a vars\u00f3i citadell\u00e1n beb\u00f6rt\u00f6n\u00f6zt\u00e9k. M\u00e1r a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 \u00e9vben azonban Szentp\u00e9terv\u00e1rra sz\u00e1ll\u00edtott\u00e1k k\u00f3rh\u00e1zba (mert a b\u00f6rt\u00f6nben elmezavart szimul\u00e1lt), \u00e9s az egyik orvos, W\u0142adys\u0142aw Mazurkiewicz seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel megsz\u00f6k\u00f6tt.<\/p>\n

Gal\u00edci\u00e1ba val\u00f3 visszat\u00e9r\u00e9se ut\u00e1n sem hagyott fel politikai tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9g\u00e9vel. 1904-ben az Oroszorsz\u00e1ggal h\u00e1bor\u00faban \u00e1ll\u00f3 Jap\u00e1nba utazott, ahol t\u00e1rgyalt a Mik\u00e1d\u00f3-korm\u00e1nnyal egy lengyel l\u00e9gi\u00f3 fel\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1r\u00f3l a jap\u00e1n hadseregben. Seg\u00edts\u00e9get azonban csak a PPS \u00e9s a p\u00e1rt \u00e1ltal l\u00e9trehozott PPS Harci Szervezet fegyver- \u00e9s l\u0151szerbeszerz\u00e9s\u00e9hez kapott. Ez a szervezet az 1905-1907-es forradalom egyik f\u0151 erej\u00e9v\u00e9 v\u00e1lt. Annak ellen\u00e9re, hogy sz\u00e1mos l\u00e1zad\u00e1st, zavarg\u00e1st \u00e9s a rend\u0151rs\u00e9ggel val\u00f3 \u00f6sszecsap\u00e1st elfojtott, Pi\u0142sudski nem hagyott fel a lengyel fegyveres er\u0151 l\u00e9trehoz\u00e1s\u00e1ra ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 er\u0151fesz\u00edt\u00e9seivel. Amikor 1906-ban a PPS-ben szakad\u00e1s t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt, egy Pi\u0142sudskihoz k\u00f6t\u0151d\u0151 csoport megalap\u00edtotta a Forradalmi Frakci\u00f3t, amely a c\u00e1r elleni felkel\u00e9st tervezte.<\/p>\n

1910-ben, az osztr\u00e1k feloszt\u00e1skor k\u00e9t jogi szervezetet hoztak l\u00e9tre: Lw\u00f3wban a \"L\u00f6v\u00e9szegyletet\" \u00e9s Krakk\u00f3ban a \"L\u00f6v\u00e9szegyletet\". 1912-ben Pi\u0142sudski a L\u00f6v\u00e9szegylet f\u0151parancsnoka lett. Az els\u0151 vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa kit\u00f6r\u00e9sekor egy j\u00f3l kik\u00e9pzett egys\u00e9g \u00e9l\u00e9re \u00e1llt, amellyel bevonult a Lengyel Kir\u00e1lys\u00e1gba, ahol elfoglalta az oroszok \u00e1ltal elhagyott hat\u00e1rvid\u00e9k egy s\u00e1vj\u00e1t. Ezt k\u00f6vet\u0151en, miut\u00e1n megadta mag\u00e1t Ausztri\u00e1nak, hivatalosan l\u00e9trehozta a lengyel l\u00e9gi\u00f3t, \u00e9s szem\u00e9lyesen ir\u00e1ny\u00edtotta az els\u0151 dand\u00e1rjukat, mik\u00f6zben szoros egy\u00fcttm\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9sben l\u00e9trehozta a Lengyel Katonai Szervezetet (POW). Amikor 1917-ben a l\u00e9gi\u00f3sok megtagadt\u00e1k az Ausztri\u00e1nak \u00e9s N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1gnak tett h\u0171s\u00e9gesk\u00fct, Pi\u0142sudskit letart\u00f3ztatt\u00e1k \u00e9s Magdeburgban beb\u00f6rt\u00f6n\u00f6zt\u00e9k, ahol 1918 november\u00e9ig maradt.<\/p>\n

N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1g legy\u0151z\u00e9se ut\u00e1n Pi\u0142sudski kiszabadult a b\u00f6rt\u00f6nb\u0151l, \u00e9s Vars\u00f3ba ment, ahol a lengyel hadsereg parancsnoks\u00e1g\u00e1t kapta, \u00e9s megb\u00edz\u00e1st kapott arra, hogy a felszabadult orsz\u00e1gban nemzeti korm\u00e1nyt alak\u00edtson. 1918. november 14-\u00e9n ideiglenes fennhat\u00f3s\u00e1got kapott az orsz\u00e1g felett, november 22-\u00e9n pedig hivatalosan is kinevezt\u00e9k ideiglenes \u00e1llamf\u0151v\u00e9. Ezt a tiszts\u00e9get 1922. december 9-ig t\u00f6lt\u00f6tte be, amikor a Lengyel K\u00f6zt\u00e1rsas\u00e1g els\u0151 eln\u00f6k\u00e9v\u00e9 Gabriel Narutowiczot v\u00e1lasztott\u00e1k. Pi\u0142sudski maga is Lengyelorsz\u00e1g visszanyert f\u00fcggetlens\u00e9g\u00e9nek v\u00e9delm\u00e9re \u00f6sszpontos\u00edtott. 1919 \u00e9s 1921 k\u00f6z\u00f6tt keleten harcolt a bolsevikok ellen, ami a rigai b\u00e9k\u00e9vel \u00e9rt v\u00e9get, amelynek k\u00f6sz\u00f6nhet\u0151en Lengyelorsz\u00e1g visszaszerezte Kelet-Gal\u00edci\u00e1t. A hadj\u00e1rat sor\u00e1n, 1920 m\u00e1rcius\u00e1ban a hadsereg \u00e1tadta Pi\u0142sudskinak a lengyel marsallbotot.<\/div>\n

1923-ban azonban a marsall visszavonult az akt\u00edv politikai \u00e9lett\u0151l. Ennek oka az volt, hogy a jobboldali p\u00e1rtok meggyilkolt\u00e1k Gabriel Narutowicz lengyel k\u00f6zt\u00e1rsas\u00e1gi eln\u00f6k\u00f6t, akit alig egy h\u00e9ttel megv\u00e1laszt\u00e1sa ut\u00e1n Eligiusz Niewiadomski fest\u0151m\u0171v\u00e9sz a \"Zach\u0119ta\" gal\u00e9ri\u00e1ban rendezett ki\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s megnyit\u00f3j\u00e1n \u00f6lt meg. Pi\u0142sudski k\u00e9ptelen volt egy\u00fcttm\u0171k\u00f6dni Wincenty Witos minisztereln\u00f6kkel, akit erk\u00f6lcsileg felel\u0151snek tartott a tett\u00e9rt. A Vars\u00f3 melletti Sulej\u00f3wekbe vonult vissza, ahol irodalmi munk\u00e1nak \u00e9s ellenz\u00e9ki propagand\u00e1nak szentelte mag\u00e1t. Akkoriban a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151ket \u00edrt\u00e1k: \"Gabrjel Narutowicz eml\u00e9kei<\/em>” (1923), „A l\u00e9gi\u00f3sok katon\u00e1j\u00e1nak \u00e9rt\u00e9k\u00e9r\u0151l<\/em>” (1923), „1920<\/em>” (1924), „Az orsz\u00e1g tehetetlens\u00e9g\u00e9nek forr\u00e1sa<\/em>\" (1924) i \"Az els\u0151 b\u00f3j\u00e1k<\/em>” (1925).<\/p>\n

Az orsz\u00e1gban kialakult helyzet azonban arra k\u00e9nyszer\u00edtette, hogy ism\u00e9t politikai p\u00e1ly\u00e1ra l\u00e9pjen. A t\u00e1rsadalmi nyugtalans\u00e1g, a munkan\u00e9lk\u00fcliek n\u00f6vekv\u0151 sz\u00e1ma \u00e9s a gazdas\u00e1gi v\u00e1ls\u00e1g arra k\u00e9sztette Pi\u0142sudskit, aki hatalmas t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u00e1mogat\u00e1st \u00e9s tiszteletet \u00e9lvezett, hogy k\u00f6vetelje a Witos-kabinet lemond\u00e1s\u00e1t a hatalomr\u00f3l. Amikor azonban fellebbez\u00e9sei kudarcot vallottak, 1926. m\u00e1jus 12-\u00e9n a marsall h\u0171s\u00e9ges csapatai \u00e9l\u00e9n bevonult Vars\u00f3ba, \u00e9s h\u00e1romnapos harcok ut\u00e1n lemond\u00e1sra k\u00e9nyszer\u00edtette mind a korm\u00e1nyt, mind Stanis\u0142aw Wojciechowski eln\u00f6k kabinetj\u00e9t. Azonban nem fogadta el a jel\u00f6l\u00e9st erre a tiszts\u00e9gre - mivel tiszt\u00e1ban volt annak korl\u00e1tozott hat\u00e1sk\u00f6reivel, visszautas\u00edtotta, \u00e9s helyette a katonai \u00fcgyek miniszteri, a haditan\u00e1cs eln\u00f6ki \u00e9s a fegyveres er\u0151k f\u0151fel\u00fcgyel\u0151i tiszts\u00e9g\u00e9t v\u00e1llalta el. K\u00e9tszer volt minisztereln\u00f6k is (1926-1928-ban \u00e9s 1930-ban).<\/p>\n

Val\u00f3j\u00e1ban ez jelentette a lengyelorsz\u00e1gi parlament\u00e1ris korm\u00e1nyz\u00e1s v\u00e9g\u00e9t, \u00e9s a \"sanacja\" (a latin \"sanatio\" - gy\u00f3gy\u00edt\u00e1s sz\u00f3b\u00f3l) n\u00e9ven ismert id\u0151szakot, az \u00e1llam helyzet\u00e9nek jav\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t c\u00e9lz\u00f3 korm\u00e1nyzatot. A k\u00f6zv\u00e9lem\u00e9ny t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sa \u00e9s az ezt biztos\u00edt\u00f3 \u00fcgyes retorika lehet\u0151v\u00e9 tette Pi\u0142sudski sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra, hogy olyan \u00f6nk\u00e9nyuralmi hatalmat gyakoroljon, amellyel sem az eln\u00f6k (akit egy\u00e9bk\u00e9nt is a marsall nevezett ki), sem a Szejm (amelynek hat\u00e1sk\u00f6r\u00e9t az 1926. augusztus 2-\u00e1n bevezetett alkotm\u00e1nym\u00f3dos\u00edt\u00e1sok r\u00e9v\u00e9n korl\u00e1tozta) nem tudott szembesz\u00e1llni.<\/p>\n

A k\u00fclpolitik\u00e1ban Pi\u0142sudski igyekezett j\u00f3 kapcsolatokat fenntartani a Szovjetuni\u00f3val (1932-es megnemt\u00e1mad\u00e1si paktum) \u00e9s N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1ggal (1934). Mindk\u00e9t meg\u00e1llapod\u00e1s c\u00e9lja Lengyelorsz\u00e1g poz\u00edci\u00f3j\u00e1nak meger\u0151s\u00edt\u00e9se volt sz\u00f6vets\u00e9geseinkkel \u00e9s szomsz\u00e9dainkkal szemben.<\/p>\n

J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski 1935. m\u00e1jus 12-\u00e9n bek\u00f6vetkezett hal\u00e1la az eg\u00e9sz nemzetet v\u00e1ratlanul \u00e9rte. Szinte az utols\u00f3 pillanatig egy gy\u00f3gy\u00edthatatlan betegs\u00e9get - m\u00e1jr\u00e1kot - titkolt. Temet\u00e9se hatalmas nemzeti megnyilv\u00e1nul\u00e1ss\u00e1 v\u00e1lt, amely az elhunyt marsall el\u0151tt tisztelgett. Holttest\u00e9t a Wawel-sz\u00e9kesegyh\u00e1z Szent Leon\u00e1rd kript\u00e1j\u00e1ban temett\u00e9k el, kir\u00e1lyok \u00e9s a legkiv\u00e1l\u00f3bb lengyelek nemzed\u00e9kei mellett, m\u00edg sz\u00edv\u00e9t v\u00e9gakarat\u00e1nak megfelel\u0151en ez\u00fcst urn\u00e1ba helyezt\u00e9k \u00e9s Vilniusba sz\u00e1ll\u00edtott\u00e1k, ahol \u00e9desanyja s\u00edrj\u00e1ban nyugszik a Rossa temet\u0151ben.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

t\u00f6bb: http:\/\/jpilsudski.org\/artykuly-historyczne-pilsudski\/zyciorys-jozefa-pilsudskiego<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski\u00a0urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 5 grudnia 1867 roku w Zu\u0142owie pod Wilnem. Pochodzi\u0142 z zamo\u017cnej rodziny ziemia\u0144skiej, w kt\u00f3rej piel\u0119gnowano polskie tradycje i patriotycznego ducha. Jego ojciec, r\u00f3wnie\u017c J\u00f3zef, bra\u0142 udzia\u0142 w Powstaniu Styczniowym w 1863 roku, kiedy to Polacy pr\u00f3bowali po raz kolejny odzyska\u0107 stracon\u0105 w latach 1772 – 1795 podczas trzech kolejnych rozbior\u00f3w rosyjsko-prusko-austriackich […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":4809,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[77],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4808","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-wazne-daty"],"yoast_head":"\nDzi\u015b urodziny Marsza\u0142ka J\u00f3zefa Pi\u0142sudskiego – Marek Kuchci\u0144ski<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/hu\/wazne-daty\/dzis-urodziny-marszalka-jozefa-pilsudskiego\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hu_HU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dzi\u015b urodziny Marsza\u0142ka J\u00f3zefa Pi\u0142sudskiego – Marek Kuchci\u0144ski\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski\u00a0urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 5 grudnia 1867 roku w Zu\u0142owie pod Wilnem. Pochodzi\u0142 z zamo\u017cnej rodziny ziemia\u0144skiej, w kt\u00f3rej piel\u0119gnowano polskie tradycje i patriotycznego ducha. Jego ojciec, r\u00f3wnie\u017c J\u00f3zef, bra\u0142 udzia\u0142 w Powstaniu Styczniowym w 1863 roku, kiedy to Polacy pr\u00f3bowali po raz kolejny odzyska\u0107 stracon\u0105 w latach 1772 – 1795 podczas trzech kolejnych rozbior\u00f3w rosyjsko-prusko-austriackich […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/hu\/wazne-daty\/dzis-urodziny-marszalka-jozefa-pilsudskiego\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Marek Kuchci\u0144ski\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-12-05T14:42:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/pilsudski-spojnia-gimnazjum.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"247\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta 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