{"id":4808,"date":"2016-12-05T15:42:29","date_gmt":"2016-12-05T14:42:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/?p=4808"},"modified":"2016-12-05T15:42:29","modified_gmt":"2016-12-05T14:42:29","slug":"dzis-urodziny-marszalka-jozefa-pilsudskiego","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/cs\/wazne-daty\/dzis-urodziny-marszalka-jozefa-pilsudskiego\/","title":{"rendered":"Dnes m\u00e1 narozeniny mar\u0161\u00e1l J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

J<\/span>-Jozef Pi\u0142sudski\u00a0<\/strong>Narodil se 5. prosince 1867 v \u017dulov\u011b u Vilniusu. Poch\u00e1zel z bohat\u00e9 statk\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 rodiny, v n\u00ed\u017e se p\u011bstovaly polsk\u00e9 tradice a vlasteneck\u00fd duch. Jeho otec, rovn\u011b\u017e J\u00f3zef, se z\u00fa\u010dastnil lednov\u00e9ho povst\u00e1n\u00ed v roce 1863, kdy se Pol\u00e1ci sna\u017eili z\u00edskat zp\u011bt nez\u00e1vislost ztracenou v letech 1772-1795 b\u011bhem t\u0159\u00ed po sob\u011b n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch rusko-prusko-rakousk\u00fdch d\u011blen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Proto se mlad\u00fd Pi\u0142sudski po absolvov\u00e1n\u00ed gymn\u00e1zia ve Vilniusu v roce 1885 zapsal ke studiu medic\u00edny na Charkovsk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b, kde se p\u0159ipojil k socialisticko-revolu\u010dn\u00edmu hnut\u00ed Narodnaja volja. Po roce studia byl v\u0161ak z univerzity vylou\u010den za \u00fa\u010dast na studentsk\u00fdch nepokoj\u00edch. Nebyl p\u0159ijat ani na univerzitu v estonsk\u00e9m Dorpatu, jej\u00ed\u017e veden\u00ed bylo informov\u00e1no o jeho politick\u00fdch sympati\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Pi\u0142sudski byl 22. b\u0159ezna 1887 zat\u010den za sv\u00e9 spojen\u00ed s vilniusk\u00fdmi socialisty a na z\u00e1klad\u011b obvin\u011bn\u00ed z \u00fa\u010dasti na spiknut\u00ed s c\u00edlem svrhnout cara Alexandra II. posl\u00e1n na p\u011bt let na Sibi\u0159 - nejprve do Kiry\u0148ska na \u0159ece Len\u011b, pot\u00e9 do Tonky.<\/p>\n

V roce 1893 byla ve Var\u0161av\u011b zalo\u017eena Polsk\u00e1 socialistick\u00e1 strana (PPS). Pi\u0142sudski, kter\u00fd se o rok d\u0159\u00edve vr\u00e1til z exilu, vstoupil do jej\u00ed litevsk\u00e9 pobo\u010dky a v roce 1894 se stal \u010dlenem \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edho d\u011blnick\u00e9ho v\u00fdboru a \u0161\u00e9fredaktorem \u010dasopisu PPS Robotnik. O \u0161est let pozd\u011bji byl jako jeden z vedouc\u00edch p\u0159edstavitel\u016f strany op\u011bt zat\u010den rusk\u00fdmi \u00fa\u0159ady a uv\u011bzn\u011bn ve var\u0161avsk\u00e9 citadele. Hned n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed rok byl v\u0161ak p\u0159evezen do nemocnice v Petrohrad\u011b (proto\u017ee ve v\u011bzen\u00ed simuloval \u0161\u00edlenstv\u00ed) a s pomoc\u00ed jednoho z l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f, W\u0142adys\u0142awa Mazurkiewicze, uprchl.<\/p>\n

Po n\u00e1vratu do Hali\u010de se nevzdal sv\u00e9 politick\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. V roce 1904 odjel do Japonska, kter\u00e9 bylo ve v\u00e1lce s Ruskem, kde vyjednal s vl\u00e1dou Mikado z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed polsk\u00e9ho legionu v japonsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b. Z\u00edskal v\u0161ak pouze pomoc p\u0159i n\u00e1kupu zbran\u00ed a munice pro PPS a Bojovou organizaci PPS, kterou strana vytvo\u0159ila. Tato organizace se stala jednou z hlavn\u00edch sil revoluce v letech 1905-1907. Navzdory potla\u010den\u00ed \u0159ady nepokoj\u016f, v\u00fdtr\u017enost\u00ed a st\u0159et\u016f s polici\u00ed Pi\u0142sudski neustal ve sv\u00e9m \u00fasil\u00ed o vytvo\u0159en\u00ed polsk\u00e9 ozbrojen\u00e9 s\u00edly. Kdy\u017e v roce 1906 do\u0161lo k rozkolu v PPS, skupina spojen\u00e1 s Pi\u0142sudsk\u00fdm zalo\u017eila Revolu\u010dn\u00ed frakci - pl\u00e1novala povst\u00e1n\u00ed proti carovi.<\/p>\n

V roce 1910 byly v r\u00e1mci rakousk\u00e9ho z\u00e1boru zalo\u017eeny dv\u011b leg\u00e1ln\u00ed organizace - \"St\u0159eleck\u00fd spolek\" ve Lvov\u011b a \"St\u0159eleck\u00fd spolek\" v Krakov\u011b. V roce 1912 se Pi\u0142sudski stal vrchn\u00edm velitelem St\u0159eleck\u00e9ho svazu. Kdy\u017e vypukla prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka, stanul v \u010dele dob\u0159e vycvi\u010den\u00e9 jednotky, s n\u00ed\u017e vstoupil do Polsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed, kde obsadil p\u00e1s pohrani\u010dn\u00edho \u00fazem\u00ed opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho Rusy. N\u00e1sledn\u011b, po kapitulaci Rakouska, ofici\u00e1ln\u011b vytvo\u0159il polsk\u00e9 legie a osobn\u011b velel jejich prvn\u00ed brig\u00e1d\u011b, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v t\u011bsn\u00e9m sledu zalo\u017eil Polskou vojenskou organizaci (POW). Kdy\u017e v roce 1917 legion\u00e1\u0159i odm\u00edtli slo\u017eit p\u0159\u00edsahu v\u011brnosti Rakousku a N\u011bmecku, byl Pi\u0142sudski zat\u010den a uv\u011bzn\u011bn v Magdeburku, kde z\u016fstal a\u017e do listopadu 1918.<\/p>\n

Po por\u00e1\u017ece N\u011bmecka byl Pi\u0142sudski propu\u0161t\u011bn z v\u011bzen\u00ed a odjel do Var\u0161avy, kde byl pov\u011b\u0159en velen\u00edm polsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy a \u00fakolem vytvo\u0159it v osvobozen\u00e9 zemi n\u00e1rodn\u00ed vl\u00e1du. Dne 14. listopadu 1918 z\u00edskal do\u010dasnou svrchovanost nad zem\u00ed a 22. listopadu byl ofici\u00e1ln\u011b jmenov\u00e1n prozat\u00edmn\u00edm \u0161\u00e9fem st\u00e1tu. Tuto funkci zast\u00e1val a\u017e do 9. prosince 1922, kdy byl zvolen prvn\u00ed prezident Polsk\u00e9 republiky Gabriel Narutowicz. S\u00e1m Pi\u0142sudski se soust\u0159edil na obranu znovuz\u00edskan\u00e9 nez\u00e1vislosti Polska. V letech 1919-1921 bojoval na v\u00fdchod\u011b proti bol\u0161evik\u016fm, co\u017e skon\u010dilo Ri\u017esk\u00fdm m\u00edrem, na jeho\u017e z\u00e1klad\u011b Polsko z\u00edskalo zp\u011bt v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Hali\u010d. B\u011bhem t\u00e9to kampan\u011b v b\u0159eznu 1920 p\u0159edala arm\u00e1da Pi\u0142sudsk\u00e9mu \u0161tafetu prvn\u00edho mar\u0161\u00e1la Polska.<\/div>\n

V roce 1923 se v\u0161ak mar\u0161\u00e1l st\u00e1hl z aktivn\u00edho politick\u00e9ho \u017eivota. D\u016fvodem byl atent\u00e1t pravicov\u00fdch stran na prezidenta Polsk\u00e9 republiky Gabriela Narutowicze, kter\u00e9ho pouh\u00fd t\u00fdden po jeho zvolen\u00ed zabil mal\u00ed\u0159 Eligiusz Niewiadomski b\u011bhem vernis\u00e1\u017ee v\u00fdstavy v galerii \"Zach\u0119ta\". Pi\u0142sudski pova\u017eoval za nemo\u017en\u00e9 spolupracovat s premi\u00e9rem Wincentym Witosem, kter\u00e9ho pova\u017eoval za mor\u00e1ln\u011b odpov\u011bdn\u00e9ho za tento \u010din. Uch\u00fdlil se do Sulej\u00f3wku u Var\u0161avy, kde se v\u011bnoval liter\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010dinnosti a opozi\u010dn\u00ed propagand\u011b. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b byly naps\u00e1ny n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed texty: \"Vzpom\u00ednky na Gabriela Narutowicze<\/em>” (1923), „O hodnot\u011b voj\u00e1ka legi\u00ed<\/em>” (1923), „1920<\/em>” (1924), „Zdroj bezmoci zem\u011b<\/em>\" (1924) i \"Moje prvn\u00ed b\u00f3je<\/em>” (1925).<\/p>\n

Situace v zemi ho v\u0161ak donutila znovu vstoupit na politickou sc\u00e9nu. Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed nepokoje, rostouc\u00ed po\u010det nezam\u011bstnan\u00fdch a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 krize zp\u016fsobily, \u017ee Pi\u0142sudski, kter\u00fd se t\u011b\u0161il obrovsk\u00e9 podpo\u0159e a respektu spole\u010dnosti, po\u017eadoval, aby se kabinet Witose vzdal moci. Kdy\u017e v\u0161ak jeho v\u00fdzvy neusp\u011bly, mar\u0161\u00e1l 12. kv\u011btna 1926 v \u010dele sv\u00fdch v\u011brn\u00fdch jednotek vpochodoval do Var\u0161avy a po t\u0159ech dnech boj\u016f donutil vl\u00e1du i kabinet prezidenta Stanis\u0142awa Wojciechowsk\u00e9ho k demisi. Nominaci na tuto funkci v\u0161ak nep\u0159ijal - v\u011bdom si jej\u00edch omezen\u00fdch pravomoc\u00ed, odm\u00edtl ji p\u0159ijmout a m\u00edsto toho se ujal funkce ministra vojenstv\u00ed, p\u0159edsedy V\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 rady a gener\u00e1ln\u00edho inspektora ozbrojen\u00fdch sil. Dvakr\u00e1t byl tak\u00e9 p\u0159edsedou vl\u00e1dy (v letech 1926-1928 a 1930).<\/p>\n

Ve skute\u010dnosti znamenala konec parlamentn\u00ed vl\u00e1dy v Polsku a zah\u00e1jila obdob\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako \"sanacja\" (\"ozdrav\u011bn\u00ed\"). To znamenalo konec parlamentn\u00ed vl\u00e1dy v Polsku a za\u010d\u00e1tek vl\u00e1dy, kter\u00e1 se za\u010dala naz\u00fdvat \"sanacja\" (z latinsk\u00e9ho podstatn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na \"sanatio\" - l\u00e9\u010dit) a jej\u00edm\u017e c\u00edlem bylo zlep\u0161it situaci st\u00e1tu. Podpora ve\u0159ejnosti a chytr\u00e1 r\u00e9torika, kter\u00e1 ji zaji\u0161\u0165ovala, umo\u017enila Pi\u0142sudsk\u00e9mu vykon\u00e1vat autorit\u00e1\u0159skou moc, proti n\u00ed\u017e se nedok\u00e1zal postavit ani prezident (kter\u00e9ho stejn\u011b jmenoval mar\u0161\u00e1l), ani Sejm (jeho\u017e pravomoci omezil na z\u00e1klad\u011b zm\u011bn \u00fastavy zaveden\u00fdch 2. srpna 1926).<\/p>\n

V zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politice se Pi\u0142sudski sna\u017eil udr\u017eovat dobr\u00e9 vztahy se SSSR (pakt o ne\u00fato\u010den\u00ed z roku 1932) a N\u011bmeckem (1934). Ob\u011b dohody m\u011bly pos\u00edlit postaven\u00ed Polska v\u016f\u010di na\u0161im spojenc\u016fm a soused\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Smrt J\u00f3zefa Pi\u0142sudsk\u00e9ho 12. kv\u011btna 1935 zasko\u010dila cel\u00fd n\u00e1rod. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 do posledn\u00ed chv\u00edle skr\u00fdval nevyl\u00e9\u010ditelnou nemoc - rakovinu jater. Jeho poh\u0159eb se stal obrovskou n\u00e1rodn\u00ed manifestac\u00ed, kter\u00e1 vzdala hold zesnul\u00e9mu mar\u0161\u00e1lovi. Jeho t\u011blo bylo poh\u0159beno v krypt\u011b svat\u00e9ho Leonarda ve wawelsk\u00e9 katedr\u00e1le vedle generac\u00ed kr\u00e1l\u016f a nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch Pol\u00e1k\u016f, zat\u00edmco jeho srdce bylo v souladu s jeho v\u016fl\u00ed ulo\u017eeno do st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00e9 urny a p\u0159evezeno do Vilniusu, kde spo\u010dinulo v hrob\u011b jeho matky na h\u0159bitov\u011b Rossa.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

v\u00edce: http:\/\/jpilsudski.org\/artykuly-historyczne-pilsudski\/zyciorys-jozefa-pilsudskiego<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski\u00a0urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 5 grudnia 1867 roku w Zu\u0142owie pod Wilnem. Pochodzi\u0142 z zamo\u017cnej rodziny ziemia\u0144skiej, w kt\u00f3rej piel\u0119gnowano polskie tradycje i patriotycznego ducha. Jego ojciec, r\u00f3wnie\u017c J\u00f3zef, bra\u0142 udzia\u0142 w Powstaniu Styczniowym w 1863 roku, kiedy to Polacy pr\u00f3bowali po raz kolejny odzyska\u0107 stracon\u0105 w latach 1772 – 1795 podczas trzech kolejnych rozbior\u00f3w rosyjsko-prusko-austriackich […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":4809,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[77],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4808","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-wazne-daty"],"yoast_head":"\nDzi\u015b urodziny Marsza\u0142ka J\u00f3zefa Pi\u0142sudskiego – Marek Kuchci\u0144ski<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/cs\/wazne-daty\/dzis-urodziny-marszalka-jozefa-pilsudskiego\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dzi\u015b urodziny Marsza\u0142ka J\u00f3zefa Pi\u0142sudskiego – Marek Kuchci\u0144ski\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski\u00a0urodzi\u0142 si\u0119 5 grudnia 1867 roku w Zu\u0142owie pod Wilnem. Pochodzi\u0142 z zamo\u017cnej rodziny ziemia\u0144skiej, w kt\u00f3rej piel\u0119gnowano polskie tradycje i patriotycznego ducha. Jego ojciec, r\u00f3wnie\u017c J\u00f3zef, bra\u0142 udzia\u0142 w Powstaniu Styczniowym w 1863 roku, kiedy to Polacy pr\u00f3bowali po raz kolejny odzyska\u0107 stracon\u0105 w latach 1772 – 1795 podczas trzech kolejnych rozbior\u00f3w rosyjsko-prusko-austriackich […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/cs\/wazne-daty\/dzis-urodziny-marszalka-jozefa-pilsudskiego\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Marek Kuchci\u0144ski\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-12-05T14:42:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/pilsudski-spojnia-gimnazjum.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"247\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta 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