{"id":19144,"date":"2020-04-15T15:05:55","date_gmt":"2020-04-15T13:05:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marek2.rkartist.pl\/?p=19144"},"modified":"2020-07-06T15:17:01","modified_gmt":"2020-07-06T13:17:01","slug":"glos-w-dyskusji-prof-jana-majchrowskiego","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marekkuchcinski.pl\/cs\/europa-karpat\/europa-karpat-dyskusja\/glos-w-dyskusji-prof-jana-majchrowskiego\/","title":{"rendered":"Prof. Jan Majchrowski: Co je to st\u00e1t? \u00davahy v dob\u011b pandemie"},"content":{"rendered":"

O st\u00e1tu, jeho \u00faloze a fungov\u00e1n\u00ed v dob\u011b krize. Tato situace se t\u00fdk\u00e1 i zem\u00ed karpatsk\u00e9 Evropy.<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dovolte mi, abych pro zamy\u0161len\u00ed napsal n\u011bkolik slov o t\u00e9matu, kter\u00e9mu se profesn\u011b v\u011bnuji ji\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 t\u0159icet let - o st\u00e1tu. Jak se jev\u00ed st\u00e1t z pohledu sou\u010dasn\u00e9 pandemie?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Podle n\u00e1zoru je\u0161t\u011b z 19. stolet\u00ed je st\u00e1t p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm typem organizace. To je jist\u011b pravda. Je tak\u00e9 pravda, \u017ee zejm\u00e9na v dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me jeho nepostradatelnost, jeho nezbytnost; \u017ee nepochybn\u011b vid\u00edme, \u017ee organizace a \u0159\u00e1d, kter\u00e9 st\u00e1t p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed, jsou lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e chaos, ne\u017e anarchie, kter\u00e1 by n\u00e1s, kdyby dnes p\u0159evl\u00e1dla, mohla nevyhnuteln\u011b odsoudit k z\u00e1hub\u011b. To si pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b mysl\u00ed drtiv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina ob\u010dan\u016f, proto\u017ee se nepohodln\u00fdm omezen\u00edm, z\u00e1kaz\u016fm a zat\u011b\u017euj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159edpis\u016fm v naprost\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b pod\u0159izuj\u00ed, a to nejen proto, \u017ee za jejich nedodr\u017een\u00ed hroz\u00ed sankce. Pokud by lid\u00e9 tyto p\u0159\u00edkazy \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f a na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed hromadn\u011b ignorovali, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 policie by je nedok\u00e1zala zastavit, chytit a potrestat. Lid\u00e9 v\u0161ak ch\u00e1pou, \u017ee takov\u00e1 nek\u00e1ze\u0148 m\u00e1 pro v\u0161echny katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u016fsledky. P\u0159\u00edklad zem\u00ed, jejich\u017e ob\u010dan\u00e9 se (zejm\u00e9na zpo\u010d\u00e1tku) o takov\u00e1 na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nestarali, dokazuje, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edstup \"d\u011blej si, co chce\u0161\" vede k sebedestrukci, ke katastrof\u011b, kterou pak lze m\u011b\u0159it tis\u00edci mrtv\u00fdmi; \u010dasto zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi, p\u0159\u00e1teli, nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edmi \u010dleny rodiny...<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A zde bych se r\u00e1d dotkl ot\u00e1zky svobody ob\u010dan\u016f, kter\u00e1 je v ka\u017ed\u00e9 zemi velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 situaci lze sly\u0161et a \u010d\u00edst (dokonce i na tituln\u00edch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch n\u011bkter\u00fdch novin), \u017ee v Polsku nastala doba \"sanit\u00e1rn\u00edho fa\u0161ismu\", poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed a omezov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1v ob\u010dan\u016f atd. Tak\u00e9 na na\u0161i zemi byl vyv\u00edjen tlak, aby uzav\u0159ela sv\u00e9 hranice (dokud ti, kte\u0159\u00ed to kritizovali, neud\u011blali tot\u00e9\u017e doma). Mezit\u00edm ml\u00e1de\u017e (a nejen ta) v \"pokrokov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch\" spole\u010dnostech z\u00e1padn\u00ed a severn\u00ed Evropy reagovala na zpr\u00e1vu o v\u00fdzv\u011b st\u00e1tn\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f chovat se ur\u010dit\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, vyh\u00fdbat se shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm a spole\u010densk\u00fdm ud\u00e1lostem, v\u00fdsm\u011bchem v podob\u011b \"koronavirusov\u00e9 p\u00e1rty\" s mnoha pobaven\u00fdmi \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky. Na v\u00fdsledky jsme nemuseli dlouho \u010dekat... Tak to dopad\u00e1, kdy\u017e se svoboda ztoto\u017e\u0148uje pouze s vlastn\u00edm pr\u00e1vem, kdy\u017e je pouze \"moje\" a kdy\u017e se v\u016fbec nevztahuje na ostatn\u00ed. Je to individualismus, kter\u00fd vid\u00ed jen s\u00e1m sebe: existuji jen j\u00e1 a moje pr\u00e1vo d\u011blat si, co chci. A s t\u00edm, co d\u011bl\u00e1m, nem\u00e1 nikdo nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho. Je to m\u016fj \u017eivot, moje v\u011bc, moje volba. Kolikr\u00e1t se stejn\u00fd typ my\u0161len\u00ed (nebo bezmy\u0161lenkovitosti) projevuje i zde. Heslo \"D\u011blej si, co chce\u0161\" se stalo symbolem tohoto \"liber\u00e1ln\u00edho\" zp\u016fsobu existence.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Druh\u00fdm extr\u00e9mem nen\u00ed v\u016fbec otroctv\u00ed, totalitarismus, etatismus, autorit\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, fa\u0161ismus atd. Na druh\u00e9m konci je svoboda, ale jin\u00fd druh svobody - moud\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed a zodpov\u011bdn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Je to republik\u00e1nsk\u00e1 svoboda, kter\u00e1 chce realizovat pr\u00e1va jednotlivce, ale nezapom\u00edn\u00e1, \u017ee nen\u00ed s\u00e1m, \u017ee \u017eije ve spole\u010denstv\u00ed a \u017ee je odpov\u011bdn\u00fd jak za sebe, tak (podle sv\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed) i za spole\u010denstv\u00ed. Je to svoboda, kter\u00e1 ch\u00e1pe, \u017ee nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 d\u011blat si, co se \u010dlov\u011bku zachce, proto\u017ee to u\u017e nen\u00ed svoboda, ale libov\u016fle, a n\u011bkdy dokonce bezohlednost. Omezen\u00ed svobody je veps\u00e1no v jej\u00edm samotn\u00e9m smyslu. Nen\u00ed svobody bez odpov\u011bdnosti a nen\u00ed svobody bez omezen\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako nen\u00ed voln\u00e9ho pohybu bez gravita\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1kona, kter\u00fd tento pohyb omezuje a z\u00e1rove\u0148 umo\u017e\u0148uje. Bez omezen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 si stanovili svobodn\u00ed lid\u00e9 nad sebou sam\u00fdmi, by nebyli svobodn\u00ed, proto\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd lump by mohl kohokoli terorizovat. Odtud omezen\u00ed, odtud pr\u00e1vo, odtud st\u00e1t a to, co ho z\u00e1sadn\u011b odli\u0161uje od jin\u00fdch organizac\u00ed - donucen\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kdo m\u00e1 pravdu? Dnes nejde o teoretick\u00fd spor mezi liber\u00e1ly a republik\u00e1ny (totalit\u00e1\u0159e v\u0161eho druhu, v\u010detn\u011b v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b se mno\u017e\u00edc\u00edch \"totalitn\u00edch liber\u00e1l\u016f\", ponechme stranou). Dnes je mo\u017en\u00e9 tuto ot\u00e1zku vy\u0159e\u0161it... empiricky! Uvid\u00edme, kter\u00e1 spole\u010dnost vyjde z boje proti viru v\u00edt\u011bzn\u011b, kdy\u017e se uk\u00e1\u017ee, \u017ee tento boj nen\u00ed jen ot\u00e1zkou pen\u011bz a bohatstv\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 odpov\u011bdnosti za sebe i za druh\u00e9, schopnosti ob\u011btovat se pro spole\u010denstv\u00ed a ochoty respektovat doporu\u010den\u00ed vlastn\u00ed demokraticky ustaven\u00e9 suver\u00e9nn\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed moci, nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 na jin\u00fdch st\u00e1tech a chr\u00e1n\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1jmy vlastn\u00edch ob\u010dan\u016f. To je prvn\u00ed bod k zamy\u0161len\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Existuje je\u0161t\u011b jeden. Vra\u0165me se je\u0161t\u011b jednou ke klasick\u00e9 definici st\u00e1tu. Organizace? Ano. Ale je to jen jeden? Toto slovo zde bylo n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t zm\u00edn\u011bno: \"komunita\". No, komunita. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v dob\u011b traumatick\u00e9 zkou\u0161ky, kdy se uk\u00e1\u017ee, \u017ee existuj\u00ed lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou ochotni jednat pro druh\u00e9: v dobrovolnick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci, zaj\u00edmat se o osud osam\u011bl\u00e9 star\u00e9 pan\u00ed \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed o dv\u011b patra v\u00fd\u0161e, \u0161\u00edt masky v r\u00e1mci pomocn\u00e9 kampan\u011b atd. atd. To je, kdy\u017e komunita, kter\u00e1 ne\u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \"Od toho je tu st\u00e1t, instituce, \u00fa\u0159ady...\". Lid\u00e9 se pak c\u00edt\u00ed propojeni s ostatn\u00edmi lidmi a ani nev\u011bd\u00ed pro\u010d. To je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd rozm\u011br komunity. Existuje v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 rozm\u011br, kter\u00fd zahrnuje politick\u00e9 a ekonomick\u00e9 \u010dinitele, kte\u0159\u00ed ji\u017e rozhoduj\u00ed o osudu tis\u00edc\u016f lid\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"Bu\u010fte p\u0159ipraveni na to, \u017ee mnoho va\u0161ich bl\u00edzk\u00fdch zem\u0159e.\" Tato slova by se dala pova\u017eovat za velmi nev\u00fdsti\u017en\u00e9 povzbuzen\u00ed, kdyby je ov\u0161em nedoprov\u00e1zela (v t\u00e9 dob\u011b) politika pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed \"norm\u00e1ln\u00edho \u017eivota\". (dodejme: zejm\u00e9na ekonomick\u00e9). V\u017edy\u0165 Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed, lond\u00fdnsk\u00e1 City, nemohlo b\u00fdt touto kriz\u00ed ochuzeno. Obchod m\u011bl pokra\u010dovat. Lid\u00e9 m\u011bli spot\u0159ebov\u00e1vat, jin\u00ed vyr\u00e1b\u011bt a dal\u0161\u00ed na tom v\u0161em vyd\u011bl\u00e1vat. \u017d\u00e1ci by chodili do \u0161kol, studenti na univerzity atd. Jen n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed (ale jen sta\u0159\u00ed, slab\u00ed a nemocn\u00ed) mohli zem\u0159\u00edt. Dob\u0159e, dob\u0159e: \"P\u0159ipravte se...\". Z toho v\u0161eho \"spole\u010dnost\" (ale byla to \"komunita\"?) bylo vyj\u00edt siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, zdrav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b... mlad\u0161\u00ed. A ekonomicky siln\u00e1 - na pozad\u00ed ub\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch soused\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed by pl\u00fdtvali energi\u00ed na z\u00e1chranu ka\u017ed\u00e9 sta\u0159enky, kter\u00e1 by nic nevyr\u00e1b\u011bla a m\u00e1lo spot\u0159ebov\u00e1vala. Panu Johnsonovi dnes p\u0159ejeme hodn\u011b zdrav\u00ed... i kdy\u017e n\u00e1m nen\u00ed bl\u00edzk\u00fd.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku (jedn\u00e9 ze soci\u00e1ln\u011b nejliber\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a \"nejpokrokov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch\" zem\u00ed EU) se st\u00e1le \u017eije t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \"norm\u00e1ln\u011b\", \u0161koly jsou otev\u0159en\u00e9 a sta\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 se o sebe \"maj\u00ed postarat sami\". (Ti, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou zav\u0159eni v domovech d\u016fchodc\u016f, byli zav\u0159eni doslova). \u0160v\u00e9dsk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost je jednou z nejstar\u0161\u00edch v Evrop\u011b a m\u00e1 velmi dlouhou pr\u016fm\u011brnou d\u00e9lku \u017eivota. Je to d\u016fvod k hrdosti a - mo\u017en\u00e1 pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 lidi - i k obav\u00e1m... Je tu \u0161ance, \u017ee jak\u00e1si eugenika (za kterou nikdo nen\u00ed zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd, proto\u017ee to d\u011bl\u00e1 virus, ne \u00fa\u0159ady) umo\u017en\u00ed zbavit se tohoto ekonomicky zbyte\u010dn\u00e9ho spole\u010densk\u00e9ho balastu, stejn\u011b jako se u\u017e mnoho let v n\u011bkter\u00fdch nejbohat\u0161\u00edch zem\u00edch Evropy zbavovali necht\u011bn\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na t\u011bch nemocn\u00fdch - nap\u0159. s Downov\u00fdm syndromem. Stejn\u011b jako se n\u011bkter\u00e9 nejbohat\u0161\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 zem\u011b ji\u017e \u0159adu let zbavuj\u00ed necht\u011bn\u00fdch, zejm\u00e9na nemocn\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed, nap\u0159. s diagn\u00f3zou Downova syndromu (potraty), br\u00e1n\u00ed ment\u00e1ln\u011b posti\u017een\u00fdm lidem v plozen\u00ed potomk\u016f (sterilizace) a obecn\u011b umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed nemocn\u00fdm lidem, aby ji\u017e neobt\u011b\u017eovali sv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 a st\u00e1t (eutanazie). Takov\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed vych\u00e1zelo z p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee st\u00e1t je firma, efektivn\u011b funguj\u00edc\u00ed podnik, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et zisk dr\u017eitel\u016fm v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00e9ho pod\u00edlu, a ne spole\u010denstv\u00ed, rodina, spojen\u00e1 citov\u00fdmi vazbami, kde je t\u0159eba pom\u00e1hat, kdy\u017e je to pot\u0159eba, a neptat se, co za to dostaneme.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Setk\u00e1v\u00e1me se se dv\u011bma takov\u00fdmi vizemi st\u00e1tu. Ti, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bj\u00ed v dob\u011b pandemi\u00ed br\u00e1nit v\u0161echny, proto\u017ee se cht\u011bj\u00ed \u0159\u00eddit smyslem pro solidaritu, kter\u00e1 stmeluje spole\u010denstv\u00ed, jsou ostatn\u00edmi zcela nepochopeni a naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed je - nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159ed n\u011bkolika dny z p\u016fdy Sejmu - \"idioty\". Koneckonc\u016f, dne\u0161n\u00ed krize m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt skv\u011blou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed pro dobr\u00e9 podnik\u00e1n\u00ed - sta\u010d\u00ed jen nebrzdit ekonomiku - nechat ji d\u00e1l r\u016fst. Prod\u011blaj\u00ed ti nejslab\u0161\u00ed...<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I zde si lze polo\u017eit ot\u00e1zku, kter\u00e1 z t\u011bchto viz\u00ed p\u0159evl\u00e1dne a kter\u00e1 se nakonec uk\u00e1\u017ee jako spr\u00e1vn\u00e1. Mo\u017en\u00e1, \u017ee ti, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bj\u00ed \"pl\u00fdtvat\" sv\u00fdm HDP na slab\u0161\u00ed, vyjdou z t\u00e9to krize ekonomicky slab\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ti, kte\u0159\u00ed nechali zem\u0159\u00edt tis\u00edce sv\u00fdch m\u00e9n\u011b vynal\u00e9zav\u00fdch a slab\u0161\u00edch ob\u010dan\u016f, ale spir\u00e1lu nab\u00eddky a popt\u00e1vky nezastav\u00ed. Pouze to, \u017ee tak u\u010din\u00ed jako spole\u010dnost s velmi omezenou odpov\u011bdnost\u00ed, jej\u00ed\u017e akcie je nejlep\u0161\u00ed prodat v nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm okam\u017eiku, proto\u017ee takov\u00e1 spole\u010dnost m\u00e1 sama o sob\u011b jen takovou hodnotu, jakou za ni n\u011bkdo zaplat\u00ed. A rodina, rodina a n\u00e1rodn\u00ed spole\u010denstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed st\u00e1t - se ukazuje, \u017ee nen\u00ed na prodej...<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kdo tedy z dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska p\u0159e\u017eije, a nejen koronavirus?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Prof. UW Dr. Jan Majchrowski<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Velikonoce AD 2020<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

O st\u00e1tu, jeho \u00faloze a fungov\u00e1n\u00ed v dob\u011b krize. Tato situace plat\u00ed i pro karpatsk\u00e9 zem\u011b Evropy. Dovolte mi, abych napsal - po zral\u00e9 \u00favaze - p\u00e1r slov k t\u00e9matu, kter\u00fdm se profesn\u011b zab\u00fdv\u00e1m ji\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 t\u0159icet let - ke st\u00e1tu. Jak se jev\u00ed tento stav z pohledu dnes panuj\u00edc\u00ed pandemie ? [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":19147,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[177,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19144","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-europa-karpat-dyskusja","category-wydarzenia"],"yoast_head":"\nProf. Jan Majchrowski: Czym jest pa\u0144stwo? 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